✶ Structure · Constitution of India, 1950

Who governs,
and who chose them.

India splits power three ways: between a ceremonial President and a Prime Minister answerable to Parliament; between the Union and 28 states; and, since 1992, with more than two and a half lakh elected village and town governments.

Part V, Chapter I · Arts. 52–78

The Union Executive

India is a parliamentary republic. The President is head of state and acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers; real executive power lies with the Prime Minister, who governs only while holding the confidence of the Lok Sabha.

President

Droupadi Murmu, since 25 July 2022

President's Secretariat · GODL-India

Term: 5 years; may be re-elected (Art. 56–57)
Chosen by: An electoral college of elected MPs and MLAs
How: Single transferable vote by secret ballot, with each vote weighted (Art. 55). Nominated MPs and members of legislative councils do not vote. In 2022 the college held 4,033 MLAs and 776 MPs, worth 10,86,431 in all. Removal only by impeachment (Art. 61).

Vice President

C. P. Radhakrishnan, since 12 September 2025

Vice President's Secretariat · GODL-India

Term: 5 years (Art. 67)
Chosen by: All members of both houses of Parliament
How: Elected by an electoral college of every MP, nominated members included, by single transferable vote with equal-value votes (Art. 66). The Vice President chairs the Rajya Sabha. In the September 2025 election Radhakrishnan received 452 votes to B. Sudershan Reddy's 300.

Prime Minister & Council of Ministers

Narendra Modi (BJP, NDA), third term from 9 June 2024

Prime Minister's Office · GODL-India

Term: As long as the government keeps the Lok Sabha's confidence; at most 5 years per Lok Sabha
Chosen by: Appointed by the President — the leader who can command a Lok Sabha majority
How: The President appoints the Prime Minister, and other ministers on the PM's advice (Art. 75). Ministers must be or become MPs within six months. The Council is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha; the 91st Amendment (2003) caps it at 15% of the Lok Sabha's strength, so at most 81 ministers.

The Union Council of Ministers

69 ministers, as listed on Wikipedia's Union Council of Ministers page when this snapshot was taken.

Cabinet minister Narendra Modi Prime Minister · Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
Cabinet minister Rajnath Singh Minister of Defence
Cabinet minister Amit Shah Minister of Home Affairs · Minister of Co-operation
Cabinet minister Nitin Gadkari Minister of Road Transport and Highways
Cabinet minister Jagat Prakash Nadda Minister of Health and Family Welfare · Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers
Cabinet minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare · Minister of Rural Development
Cabinet minister Nirmala Sitharaman Minister of Finance · Minister of Corporate Affairs
Cabinet minister Manohar Lal Khattar Minister of Power · Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs
Cabinet minister H. D. Kumaraswamy Minister of Heavy Industries · Minister of Steel
Cabinet minister Piyush Goyal Minister of Commerce and Industry
Cabinet minister Jitan Ram Manjhi Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
Cabinet minister Rajiv Ranjan Singh Minister of Panchayati Raj
Cabinet minister Sarbananda Sonowal Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
Cabinet minister Virendra Kumar Khatik Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment
Cabinet minister Rammohan Naidu Kinjarapu Minister of Civil Aviation
Cabinet minister Pralhad Joshi Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution · Minister of New and Renewable Energy
Cabinet minister Jual Oram Minister of Tribal Affairs
Cabinet minister Giriraj Singh Minister of Textiles
Cabinet minister Ashwini Vaishnaw Minister of Information and Broadcasting · Minister of Railways
Cabinet minister Jyotiraditya Scindia Minister of Development of North Eastern Region · Minister of Communications
Cabinet minister Bhupender Yadav Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Cabinet minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Minister of Culture · Minister of Tourism
Cabinet minister Annapurna Devi Yadav Minister of Women and Child Development
Cabinet minister Kiren Rijiju Minister of Parliamentary Affairs · Minister of Minority Affairs
Cabinet minister Hardeep Singh Puri Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Cabinet minister Mansukh L. Mandaviya Minister of Labour and Employment · Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports
Cabinet minister G. Kishan Reddy Minister of Coal · Minister of Mines
Cabinet minister Chirag Paswan Minister of Food Processing Industries
Cabinet minister Chandrakant Raghunath Patil Minister of Jal Shakti
Minister of State (Independent Charge) Rao Inderjit Singh Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Statistics and Programme Implementation · Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Planning
Minister of State (Independent Charge) Jitendra Singh Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Science and Technology · Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Earth Sciences
Minister of State (Independent Charge) Arjun Ram Meghwal Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Law and Justice · Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
Minister of State (Independent Charge) Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Ayush · Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Minister of State (Independent Charge) Jayant Chaudhary Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship · Minister of State in the Ministry of Education
Minister of State L. Murugan Minister of State in the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs · Minister of State in the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Minister of State Anupriya Patel Minister of State in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare · Minister of State in the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
Minister of State Sukanta Majumdar Minister of State in the Ministry of Education · Minister of State in the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
Minister of State Jitin Prasada Minister of State in the Ministry of Commerce and Industry · Minister of State in the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
Minister of State Shripad Yasso Naik Minister of State in the Ministry of Power · Minister of State in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Minister of State Pankaj Choudhary Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance
Minister of State Krishan Pal Minister of State in the Ministry of Co-operation
Minister of State Murlidhar Mohol Minister of State in the Ministry of Co-operation · Minister of State in the Ministry of Civil Aviation
Minister of State Athawale Ramdas Bandu Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
Minister of State B. L. Verma Minister of State in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment · Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
Minister of State Ram Nath Thakur Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Minister of State Bhagirath Choudhary Minister of State in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Minister of State Nityanand Rai Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs
Minister of State Bandi Sanjay Kumar Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs
Minister of State V. Somanna Minister of State in the Ministry of Jal Shakti · Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways
Minister of State Raj Bhushan Choudhary Minister of State in the Ministry of Jal Shakti
Minister of State Ravneet Singh Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways · Minister of State in the Ministry of Food Processing Industries
Minister of State Chandra Sekhar Pemmasani Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development · Minister of State in the Ministry of Communications
Minister of State Kamlesh Paswan Minister of State in the Ministry of Rural Development
Minister of State George Kurien Minister of State in the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying · Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs
Minister of State Shobha Karandlaje Minister of State in the Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises · Minister of State in the Ministry of Labour and Employment
Minister of State Kirti Vardhan Singh Minister of State in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change · Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs
Minister of State Pabitra Margherita Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs · Minister of State in the Ministry of Textiles
Minister of State Nimuben Bambhaniya Minister of State in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
Minister of State Shantanu Thakur Minister of State in the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
Minister of State Suresh Gopi Minister of State in the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas · Minister of State in the Ministry of Tourism
Minister of State Ajay Tamta Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
Minister of State Harsh Malhotra Minister of State in the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways · Minister of State in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs
Minister of State Satish Chandra Dubey Minister of State in the Ministry of Coal · Minister of State in the Ministry of Mines
Minister of State Sanjay Seth Minister of State in the Ministry of Defence
Minister of State Durga Das Uikey Minister of State in the Ministry of Tribal Affairs
Minister of State Raksha Khadase Minister of State in the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
Minister of State Savitri Thakur Minister of State in the Ministry of Women and Child Development
Minister of State Tokhan Sahu Minister of State in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Minister of State Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma Minister of State in the Ministry of Heavy Industries · Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel

Photo credits · 69 of 69 pictured, from Wikimedia Commons

Try it · Electing the President

Cross 5,43,216.

Every elected MLA and MP votes, but their votes are weighted. An MLA's vote is worth the state's 1971 population ÷ (MLAs × 1,000); every MP's vote is worth the same, so that the 4,033 MLAs and 776 MPs carry roughly equal halves. Decide how many in each state back your candidate.

0 value for your candidate

0% needs 5,43,216

MLAsMPsQuota 5,43,216 of 10,86,431

Quick fill: same share of MLAs in every state · 0% MPs voting for your candidate · 0 of 776 (each worth 700)

MLAs voting for your candidate, by state
State	Value / MLA	MLAs for your candidate	Value
Uttar Pradesh 403 MLAs · pop. 8,38,49,905	208		0
Maharashtra 288 MLAs · pop. 5,04,12,235	175		0
West Bengal 294 MLAs · pop. 4,43,12,011	151		0
Bihar 243 MLAs · pop. 4,21,26,236	173		0
Tamil Nadu 234 MLAs · pop. 4,11,99,168	176		0
Madhya Pradesh 230 MLAs · pop. 3,00,16,625	131		0
Karnataka 224 MLAs · pop. 2,92,99,014	131		0
Andhra Pradesh 175 MLAs · pop. 2,78,00,586	159		0
Gujarat 182 MLAs · pop. 2,66,97,475	147		0
Rajasthan 200 MLAs · pop. 2,57,65,806	129		0
Odisha 147 MLAs · pop. 2,19,44,615	149		0
Kerala 140 MLAs · pop. 2,13,47,375	152		0
Telangana 119 MLAs · pop. 1,57,02,122	132		0
Assam 126 MLAs · pop. 1,46,25,152	116		0
Jharkhand 81 MLAs · pop. 1,42,27,133	176		0
Punjab 117 MLAs · pop. 1,35,51,060	116		0
Chhattisgarh 90 MLAs · pop. 1,16,37,494	129		0
Haryana 90 MLAs · pop. 1,00,36,808	112		0
Uttarakhand 70 MLAs · pop. 44,91,239	64		0
Delhi (NCT) 70 MLAs · pop. 40,65,698	58		0
Himachal Pradesh 68 MLAs · pop. 34,60,434	51		0
Tripura 60 MLAs · pop. 15,56,342	26		0
Manipur 60 MLAs · pop. 10,72,753	18		0
Meghalaya 60 MLAs · pop. 10,11,699	17		0
Goa 40 MLAs · pop. 7,95,120	20		0
Nagaland 60 MLAs · pop. 5,16,449	9		0
Arunachal Pradesh 60 MLAs · pop. 4,67,511	8		0
Puducherry 30 MLAs · pop. 4,71,707	16		0
Mizoram 40 MLAs · pop. 3,32,390	8		0
Sikkim 32 MLAs · pop. 2,09,843	7		0

Assumes every elector votes and every ballot is valid; the real quota is set on valid votes cast. With one candidate per side, first preferences decide. In 2022 Droupadi Murmu won with a value of 6,76,803 against Yashwant Sinha's 3,80,177. Jammu and Kashmir's restored 90-seat assembly is expected to join the college in 2027; its vote value has not been published, so it is left out here (unverified).

Part V, Chapter II · Arts. 79–122

Parliament

Parliament is the President plus two houses. The Lok Sabha is directly elected and makes and unmakes governments; the Rajya Sabha represents the states and is elected by their legislatures.

Lok Sabha (House of the People)

Speaker Om Birla · Leader of the Opposition Rahul Gandhi

IAEA Imagebank · CC BY 2.0

Himanshu Arya Khowal · CC BY 4.0

Seats: 543 elected seats; 84 reserved for Scheduled Castes, 47 for Scheduled Tribes
Term: 5 years unless dissolved earlier (Art. 83)
Chosen by: Voters, in single-member constituencies
How: First past the post. Seats per state are fixed on the 1971 census until the first census after 2026 (Art. 82, 84th Amendment). The two nominated Anglo-Indian seats ended in 2020 (104th Amendment). A majority is 272.

Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

Chaired by the Vice President

Seats: 245 seats: 233 elected, 12 nominated (constitutional maximum 250)
Term: 6 years; one-third retire every two years; never dissolved
Chosen by: Elected members of each state's legislative assembly
How: Single transferable vote by open ballot — party MLAs must show their ballot to the party's agent. A candidate needs ⌊votes ÷ (seats + 1)⌋ + 1, counted with each vote worth 100. The President nominates 12 members for art, literature, science and social service (Art. 80).

The 18th Lok Sabha · elected June 2024

NDA 293 · INDIA 234 · others 16

Seats by party at the declaration of results. 272 make a majority. Build your own coalition →

272 needed for a majority

BJP 240
INC 99
SP 37
AITC 29
DMK 22
TDP 16
JD(U) 12
SHS(UBT) 9
NCP(SP) 8
IND 7
32 others 64

Try it · How a bill becomes law in India

Pass a bill through Parliament.

Pick the kind of bill, set attendance and votes in each house, then the President's response. Thresholds follow the Constitution.

Lok Sabha · 300 yes of 543 present Present & voting Vote yes

Rajya Sabha · 130 yes of 245 present Present & voting Vote yes

Try it · Rajya Sabha elections

How the states choose their MPs.

Rajya Sabha members are elected by MLAs, not by voters. Step through a biennial election.

Step 1 of 5 · Rajya Sabha

Seats fall vacant

A third of members retire every two years. ECI announces a biennial election about four weeks before terms end.

Try it · Anti-defection law

Switch sides, lose the seat?

The Tenth Schedule (added in 1985, tightened in 2003) disqualifies legislators who defect. Pick a member and what they do.

The member was

And then

Party condones it within 15 days They were just elected Speaker / Chairman

Share of the legislature party going along · 67%

⅓ (old “split”)⅔ needed

Months since taking the seat · 3

III

Part V, Chapter IV · Part VI, Chapter V

The Courts

A single, integrated judiciary: the Supreme Court at the top, 25 High Courts below it, and district courts under them. Judges are never elected.

Supreme Court of India

Chief Justice Surya Kant, since 24 November 2025

Supreme Court of India · GODL-India

Seats: Up to 34 judges, including the Chief Justice
Term: Until age 65 (Art. 124)
Chosen by: The President, on the collegium's recommendation
How: The collegium — the Chief Justice and the four senior-most judges — recommends names; the government may return a name once. The 2014 National Judicial Appointments Commission was struck down in 2015 (Fourth Judges case). Removal only by a special majority of both houses for proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

High Courts

Seats: 25 High Courts, some serving several states or UTs
Term: Until age 62 (Art. 217)
Chosen by: The President, on the collegium's recommendation
How: A High Court collegium proposes; the state government and Governor comment; the Supreme Court collegium decides what to recommend. High Courts hear writ petitions (Art. 226), including election petitions challenging a result.

Try it · From vacancy to the bench

How a judge is appointed.

Since the Second Judges case (1993) judges have, in effect, chosen judges.

Step 1 of 5 · Supreme Court or High Court

Vacancy

A judge reaches retirement age (65 in the Supreme Court, 62 in High Courts), resigns, dies or is elevated.

Part VI · The States

Twenty-eight
governments more.

Each state copies the Union's design: an appointed Governor as formal head, a Chief Minister who needs the assembly's confidence, and an elected Vidhan Sabha. Of the eight union territories, Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu & Kashmir have elected legislatures; the rest are run by the Union.

Governor

One per state (a Lieutenant Governor or Administrator in union territories)

Term Holds office 'during the pleasure of the President'; normally 5 years (Art. 156)

Chosen by Appointed by the President on the Union government's advice

The formal head of the state. Appoints the Chief Minister, summons the assembly, gives or withholds assent to state bills or reserves them for the President (Art. 200). How long a Governor may sit on a bill was litigated in State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu (2025) and a presidential reference to the Supreme Court later that year.

Chief Minister & state Council of Ministers

One per state, plus Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu & Kashmir

Term While holding the assembly's confidence; at most 5 years per assembly

Chosen by Appointed by the Governor — the leader who commands an assembly majority

Mirrors the Union: collectively responsible to the Vidhan Sabha, capped at 15% of its strength (minimum 12). A disputed majority is settled by a floor test in the assembly, not at Raj Bhavan (S. R. Bommai, 1994).

Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)

4,123 seats across 28 states and 3 union territories

Term 5 years unless dissolved

Chosen by Voters, in single-member assembly constituencies

First past the post, with seats reserved for SC and ST. Six states also have an indirectly chosen upper house (Legislative Council): Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh.

President's Rule

Article 356

Term Up to 6 months at a time, at most 3 years

Chosen by The President, on the Union Cabinet's advice, approved by both houses within two months

If the constitutional machinery in a state fails, the Union takes over and the assembly is suspended or dissolved. Used more than 130 times; S. R. Bommai (1994) made the decision reviewable by courts. Manipur was under President's Rule from February 2025 to February 2026.

Who holds office in each state

Chief Ministers and Governors (Lieutenant Governors or Administrators in union territories), from Wikidata and Wikipedia's current-holder tables.

Andhra Pradesh Nara Chandrababu Naidu Chief Minister
Andhra Pradesh S. Abdul Nazeer Governor
Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Chief Minister
Arunachal Pradesh Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik Governor
Assam Himanta Biswa Sarma Chief Minister
Assam Lakshman Acharya Governor
Bihar Samrat Choudhary Chief Minister
Bihar Syed Ata Hasnain Governor
Chhattisgarh Vishnu Deo Sai Chief Minister
Chhattisgarh Ramen Deka Governor
Goa Pramod Sawant Chief Minister
Goa Pusapati Ashok Gajapati Raju Governor
Gujarat Bhupendrabhai Patel Chief Minister
Gujarat Acharya Devvrat Governor
Haryana Nayab Singh Saini Chief Minister
Haryana Ashim Kumar Ghosh Governor
Himachal Pradesh Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu Chief Minister
Himachal Pradesh Kavinder Gupta Governor
Jharkhand Hemant Soren Chief Minister
Jharkhand Santosh Gangwar Governor
Karnataka D. K. Shivakumar Chief Minister
Karnataka Sudha Yadav Governor
Kerala V. D. Satheesan Chief Minister
Kerala Om Prakash Mathur Governor
Madhya Pradesh Mohan Yadav Chief Minister
Madhya Pradesh Mangubhai C. Patel Governor
Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Chief Minister
Maharashtra Jishnu Dev Varma Governor
Manipur Y. Khemchand Singh Chief Minister
Manipur Ajay Kumar Bhalla Governor
Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Chief Minister
Meghalaya C. H. Vijayashankar Governor
Mizoram Lalduhoma Chief Minister
Mizoram Vijay Kumar Singh Governor
Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Chief Minister
Nagaland Nand Kishore Yadav Governor
Odisha Mohan Charan Majhi Chief Minister
Odisha Braj Mohan Ram Governor
Punjab Bhagwant Mann Chief Minister
Punjab Gulab Chand Jain Kataria Governor
Rajasthan Bhajan Lal Sharma Chief Minister
Rajasthan Haribhau Bagade Governor
Sikkim Prem Singh Tamang Chief Minister
Sikkim Dushyant Kumar Gautam Governor
Tamil Nadu C. Joseph Vijay Chief Minister
Tamil Nadu Rajendra Arlekar Governor
Telangana Revanth Reddy Chief Minister
Telangana Shiv Pratap Shukla Governor
Tripura Manik Saha Chief Minister
Tripura Indrasena Reddy Governor
Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Chief Minister
Uttar Pradesh Anandiben Patel Governor
Uttarakhand Pushkar Singh Dhami Chief Minister
Uttarakhand Dhal Singh Bisen Governor
West Bengal Suvendu Adhikari Chief Minister
West Bengal R. N. Ravi Governor
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Dinesh Sharma Lieutenant Governor
Chandigarh Gulab Chand Jain Kataria Governor
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Administrator
Delhi Rekha Gupta Chief Minister
Delhi Taranjit Singh Sandhu Lieutenant Governor
Jammu and Kashmir Omar Abdullah Chief Minister
Jammu and Kashmir Manoj Sinha Governor
Ladakh Vinai Kumar Saxena Governor
Lakshadweep Praful Khoda Patel Administrator
Puducherry N. Rangasamy Chief Minister
Puducherry Kuniyil Kailashnathan Lieutenant Governor

Photo credits · 64 of 67 pictured, from Wikimedia Commons

Parts IX & IXA · 73rd and 74th Amendments, 1992

Democracy
in the village.

Panchayats existed long before 1992, but elections were irregular and state governments often suspended them. The 73rd (rural) and 74th (urban) Amendments made elected local bodies, regular polls and reserved seats for women a constitutional requirement.

Try it · Local self-government

Three tiers in the village, three kinds of town.

Since 1992 the Constitution has required elected local governments everywhere. Tap a layer.

Rural · 73rd Amendment · Part IX

Urban · 74th Amendment · Part IXA

Gram Panchayat Village panchayat

over 2.5 lakh (approximate)

Ward members are elected directly. The sarpanch / pradhan is elected directly in most states, indirectly in some — the Constitution leaves this to state law. Runs water, sanitation, local roads and welfare delivery.

Five-year terms. Elections before the term ends, or within six months of a dissolution (Arts. 243E, 243U).
Reservations. Seats and chairpersons' posts for SC and ST in proportion to population; at least one-third for women (Arts. 243D, 243T). Most states have raised women's reservation to 50%.
Run by the states. Each state's own State Election Commission conducts these polls, not the ECI (Arts. 243K, 243ZA); a State Finance Commission reviews their funding every five years (Art. 243I).
Exceptions. Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Sixth Schedule hill areas are outside Part IX; PESA (1996) adapts it for Fifth Schedule tribal areas.

Counts are approximate and change as states redraw units. Source: Local Government Directory (Ministry of Panchayati Raj) ↗

Who governs,
and who chose them.

The Union Executive

President

Vice President

Prime Minister & Council of Ministers

The Union Council of Ministers

Cross 5,43,216.

Parliament

Lok Sabha (House of the People)

Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

NDA 293 · INDIA 234 · others 16

Pass a bill through Parliament.

How the states choose their MPs.

Seats fall vacant

Nominations

Unopposed?

Open ballot

Count

Switch sides, lose the seat?

The Courts

Supreme Court of India

High Courts

How a judge is appointed.

Vacancy

Collegium

Government review

Reiteration

Warrant

Twenty-eight
governments more.

Governor

Chief Minister & state Council of Ministers

Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)

President's Rule

Who holds office in each state

Democracy
in the village.

Three tiers in the village, three kinds of town.

The Union Executive

The Union Council of Ministers

Parliament

Seats fall vacant

Nominations

Unopposed?

Open ballot

Count

The Courts

Vacancy

Collegium

Government review

Reiteration

Warrant

Twenty-eightgovernments more.

Governor

Chief Minister & state Council of Ministers

Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)

President's Rule

Who holds office in each state

Democracyin the village.

Twenty-eight
governments more.

Democracy
in the village.