✶ Countries
Every
country.
All 197 states summarised the same way: who leads, how power is divided, and how votes become seats. The 12 with full sections come first; more are added country by country.
- First past the post
- Majoritarian (two-round, ranked)
- Mixed
- Proportional
- Tiered indirect (only local seats elected directly)
- Other
- Territories and disputed areas
- Federal
- Unitary
- Territories and disputed areas
- Presidential
- Semi-presidential
- Parliamentary
- One-party state
- Other
- Territories and disputed areas
- One person holds both
- Two different offices
- Territories and disputed areas
- Republic
- Constitutional monarchy
- Other
- Territories and disputed areas
Compare
197 countries
| China | One-party state Unitary one-party socialist republic (Chinese Communist Party leads the state) | Unitary | President (elected by the National People's Congress) Government: Premier of the State Council | Tiered indirect (only local seats elected directly) Direct elections only for county and township people's congresses; higher congresses elected by the level below | Available |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| France | Semi-presidential Unitary semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President (directly elected, two rounds) Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round system: single-member seats; President by national run-off | Available |
| Germany | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic of 16 Länder | Federal | Federal President (elected by the Federal Convention) Government: Federal Chancellor (elected by the Bundestag) | Mixed Mixed-member proportional: 299 constituencies and Land lists, seats by Sainte-Laguë on the second vote, capped since 2023 | Available |
| India | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic | Federal | President (elected indirectly) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post constituencies; Rajya Sabha by state legislatures (STV) | Available |
| Israel | Parliamentary Unitary parliamentary republic; no single written constitution (Basic Laws) | Unitary | President (elected by the Knesset, one seven-year term) Government: Prime Minister (must win the Knesset's confidence) | Proportional Closed-list PR in one nationwide constituency: 3.25% threshold, Bader–Ofer (D'Hondt) with surplus-vote agreements | Available |
| Italy | Parliamentary Unitary parliamentary republic with five special-statute regions | Unitary | President of the Republic (elected by Parliament and regional delegates) Government: President of the Council of Ministers (needs both chambers' confidence) | Mixed Mixed (Rosatellum): ~37% first-past-the-post colleges + list PR (3% lists, 10% coalitions), one vote | Available |
| Japan | Parliamentary Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | Emperor (symbolic; no powers related to government) Government: Prime Minister (designated by the Diet) | Mixed Parallel: 289 single-member districts + 176 list-PR seats in 11 blocks; upper house by prefectural districts and national open-list PR | Available |
| New Zealand | Parliamentary Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed-member proportional: 71 electorates (7 Māori) + 49 list seats | Available |
| Russia | Semi-presidential Federal semi-presidential republic (dominant-party; elections not rated free by OSCE/ODIHR) | Federal | President (directly elected, two-round) Government: Prime Minister (appointed by the President after Duma approval) | Mixed Parallel: 225 closed-list PR seats (5% threshold) + 225 first-past-the-post districts; President by two-round | Available |
| Spain | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy; a unitary state of 17 autonomous communities | Unitary | Monarch Government: President of the Government (invested by the Congress) | Proportional Closed-list PR by province (D'Hondt, 3% threshold); Senate by limited vote | Available |
| United Kingdom | Parliamentary Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with devolved governments | Unitary | Monarch Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (Commons); AMS in Scotland, closed lists in Wales, STV in Northern Ireland | Available |
| United States | Presidential Federal presidential republic | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post districts; President via the Electoral College | Available |
| Australia | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal | Monarch (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Preferential (instant-runoff) House; STV Senate; compulsory voting | Coming soon |
| Brazil | Presidential Federal presidential republic | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (President) | Coming soon |
| Canada | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal | Monarch (represented by the Governor General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post | Coming soon |
| Indonesia | Presidential Unitary presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (DPR); two-round (President) | Coming soon |
| Mexico | Presidential Federal presidential republic | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Mixed Mixed parallel (Chamber); plurality (President) | Coming soon |
| South Africa | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic with an executive president | Unitary | President (elected by the National Assembly) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional representation | Coming soon |
| Afghanistan | Other Taliban theocracy; rule by decree of the Supreme Leader | Unitary | Supreme Leader (Amir al-Mu'minin) Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections | Summary only |
| Albania | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional, regional constituencies (with preference votes since 2025); President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Algeria | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional (People's National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Andorra | Parliamentary Parliamentary co-principality (diarchic monarchy) | Unitary | Two Co-Princes: the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France Government: Head of Government | Mixed Parallel: 14 national list seats + 14 parish seats (2 per parish) | Summary only |
| Angola | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional; the leading list's head becomes President | Summary only |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Argentina | Presidential Federal presidential republic | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Armenia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional with a stable-majority bonus; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Austria | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic | Federal | Federal President (directly elected) Government: Federal Chancellor | Proportional Open-list proportional (National Council); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Azerbaijan | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister (the President leads the executive) | First past the post First-past-the-post (125 single-member seats); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Bahamas | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House of Assembly); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Bahrain | Other Semi-constitutional monarchy (kingdom); executive power rests with the King | Unitary | King Government: Crown Prince and Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member (Council of Representatives); Consultative Council appointed | Summary only |
| Bangladesh | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (300 seats), reserved women's seats allotted to parties; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Barbados | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by Parliament) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House of Assembly); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Belarus | Presidential Presidential republic (authoritarian) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Single-member majority (House); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Belgium | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal | King Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional (Chamber); Senate chosen by the community parliaments | Summary only |
| Belize | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Benin | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Bhutan | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (Druk Gyalpo) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post between the top two parties of a national primary (National Assembly); non-partisan National Council | Summary only |
| Bolivia | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Mixed Mixed-member proportional (Chamber of Deputies); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic | Federal | Three-member Presidency (Bosniak, Croat, Serb) Government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers | Proportional Open-list proportional (House of Representatives); Presidency members by first-past-the-post | Summary only |
| Botswana | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post; President elected by the National Assembly | Summary only |
| Brunei | Other Absolute monarchy (sultanate) | Unitary | Sultan (also head of government) Also leads the government | Other No national elections; appointed Legislative Council | Summary only |
| Bulgaria | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional with preference votes (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Burkina Faso | Other Republic under a military-led transitional government (since 2022) | Unitary | President of the Transition (military) Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections; appointed transitional assembly (parties dissolved 2025) | Summary only |
| Burundi | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional with ethnic and gender co-option (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Cabo Verde | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Cambodia | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (dominant-party) | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (National Assembly); Senate mostly indirectly elected | Summary only |
| Cameroon | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: plurality single-member seats and majority-bonus list constituencies (National Assembly); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Central African Republic | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Chad | Presidential Presidential republic (2023 constitution) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: plurality in single-member and list proportional in multi-member constituencies (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Chile | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Colombia | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Proportional, open or closed lists at each party's choice (Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Comoros | Presidential Federal presidential republic | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Costa Rica | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional, provincial lists (Assembly); two-round with a 40% threshold (President) | Summary only |
| Côte d'Ivoire | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | First past the post Plurality in single- and multi-member constituencies (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Croatia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, 10 districts plus minority and diaspora seats (Sabor); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Cuba | One-party state One-party socialist republic | Unitary | President (elected by the National Assembly) Government: Prime Minister | Other Single-candidate approval votes for the National Assembly (candidates set by nomination commissions); President elected by the Assembly | Summary only |
| Cyprus | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Proportional (House); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Czechia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (Senate and President) | Summary only |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: open-list proportional in multi-member and first-past-the-post in single-member constituencies (National Assembly); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Denmark | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional with compensatory seats | Summary only |
| Djibouti | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: 80% of each constituency's seats to the leading list, the rest proportional (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Dominica | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Dominican Republic | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Ecuador | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Egypt | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: winner-take-all closed lists and two-round individual seats (House); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| El Salvador | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (Assembly); plurality (President, runoff abolished 2025) | Summary only |
| Equatorial Guinea | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Chamber); plurality (President) | Summary only |
| Eritrea | One-party state One-party presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Other No national elections held since independence | Summary only |
| Estonia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament or an electoral college) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional; President elected by parliament or an electoral college | Summary only |
| Eswatini | Other Absolute monarchy (kingdom) | Unitary | King (Ngwenyama) Government: Prime Minister (appointed by the King) | First past the post Non-party first-past-the-post in Tinkhundla constituencies (House of Assembly); parties barred | Summary only |
| Ethiopia | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic | Federal | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House of Peoples' Representatives); House of the Federation chosen by regional councils | Summary only |
| Fiji | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, single national constituency | Summary only |
| Finland | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional (Eduskunta); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Gabon | Presidential Presidential republic (2024 constitution, after the 2023 coup) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member (National Assembly); President directly elected | Summary only |
| Gambia | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (National Assembly and President) | Summary only |
| Georgia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by an electoral college) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional, 5% threshold; President elected by an electoral college | Summary only |
| Ghana | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (Parliament); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Greece | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Proportional with a sliding majority bonus for the leading party; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Grenada | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Guatemala | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Congress); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Guinea | Presidential Presidential republic (2025 constitution, ending military transition) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: single-member plurality and national list seats (National Assembly, pre-2025 law); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Guinea-Bissau | Other Republic under a military-led transitional government (since the 2025 coup) | Unitary | Transitional President (military) Government: Prime Minister | Other No elected legislature since the 2025 coup; appointed transitional council | Summary only |
| Guyana | Presidential Presidential republic (President is the winning list's candidate) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional; the leading list's candidate becomes President | Summary only |
| Haiti | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic under a transitional government | Unitary | President (vacant; executive exercised by the Prime Minister) Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member (Chamber; no elections since 2016); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Honduras | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (Congress); plurality (President) | Summary only |
| Hungary | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: 106 first-past-the-post + 93 list seats with winner compensation | Summary only |
| Iceland | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional with levelling seats (Althing); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Iran | Other Theocratic Islamic republic with an elected president | Unitary | Supreme Leader Government: President | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round, single- and multi-member districts (Majlis); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Iraq | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic | Federal | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, provincial constituencies; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Ireland | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Taoiseach | Proportional Single transferable vote (Dáil); instant-runoff (President) | Summary only |
| Jamaica | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Jordan | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (kingdom) with strong royal powers | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister (appointed by the King) | Mixed Mixed: open-list proportional districts + national closed-list seats (House); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Kazakhstan | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: 70% list proportional, 30% single-member (Mazhilis); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Kenya | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (National Assembly); two-round with a county spread rule (President) | Summary only |
| Kiribati | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic (President directly elected) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round in multi-member constituencies (Maneaba); President elected from candidates the Maneaba nominates | Summary only |
| Kosovo | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, single national constituency; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Kuwait | Other Semi-constitutional monarchy (emirate); National Assembly suspended since 2024 | Unitary | Emir Government: Prime Minister (appointed by the Emir) | First past the post Single non-transferable vote (plurality) in five 10-seat districts (suspended) | Summary only |
| Kyrgyzstan | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post Plurality in 30 three-member districts (Supreme Council); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Laos | One-party state One-party socialist republic | Unitary | President (elected by the National Assembly) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post Plurality block vote in multi-member constituencies, candidates vetted by the Lao Front for National Development; President elected by the Assembly | Summary only |
| Latvia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by the Saeima) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional; President elected by the Saeima | Summary only |
| Lebanon | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic (confessional) | Unitary | President (elected by parliament; a Maronite Christian) Government: Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim) | Proportional Open-list proportional with a preference vote and confessional seat quotas; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Lesotho | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed-member proportional: 80 constituency + 40 list seats | Summary only |
| Liberia | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Libya | Other Divided transitional authorities (no agreed constitution) | Unitary | Chairman of the Presidential Council (Tripoli) Government: Prime Minister of the Government of National Unity (a rival government holds the east) | Other No national elections since 2014 | Summary only |
| Liechtenstein | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (principality) with strong princely powers | Unitary | Prince Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, two constituencies | Summary only |
| Lithuania | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: 71 two-round single-member + 70 list seats (Seimas); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Luxembourg | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (grand duchy) | Unitary | Grand Duke Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional with panachage, four constituencies | Summary only |
| Madagascar | Other Republic under a military-led transition (since the October 2025 takeover) | Unitary | President of the Refoundation (military) Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: first-past-the-post single-member and list proportional two-member districts (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Malawi | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (National Assembly); two-round, 50%+1 (President) | Summary only |
| Malaysia | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary elective constitutional monarchy | Federal | Yang di-Pertuan Agong (chosen by the Conference of Rulers for five years) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (Dewan Rakyat); Dewan Negara partly appointed, partly chosen by states | Summary only |
| Maldives | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (Majlis); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Mali | Other Republic under a military-led transitional government (since the 2020–21 coups) | Unitary | President of the Transition (military) Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections; appointed National Transitional Council (parties dissolved 2025) | Summary only |
| Malta | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Single transferable vote, 13 five-seat districts; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Marshall Islands | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (also head of government; elected by the Nitijela) Also leads the government | First past the post Plurality in single- and multi-member districts; President elected by the Nitijela | Summary only |
| Mauritania | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: two-round single-member and proportional list seats (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Mauritius | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post block vote in three-member constituencies, plus best-loser seats; President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| Micronesia | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic (non-partisan; President chosen by Congress) | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (10 two-year seats + 4 at-large state seats); President elected by Congress | Summary only |
| Moldova | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Parliament); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Monaco | Other Constitutional monarchy (principality); government answers to the Prince | Unitary | Prince Government: Minister of State (appointed by the Prince) | Mixed Mixed: 16 seats by plurality block vote, 8 proportional | Summary only |
| Mongolia | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Parallel: 78 multi-member plurality + 48 list seats (Khural); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Montenegro | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Parliament); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Morocco | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (kingdom) with strong royal powers | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister (from the largest party) | Proportional Closed-list proportional, local and regional lists (House of Representatives); Councillors indirectly elected | Summary only |
| Mozambique | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Myanmar | Presidential Presidential republic under the 2008 constitution (military-dominated after the junta-run 2025–26 elections) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post for elected seats (House of Representatives); President elected by the Assembly | Summary only |
| Namibia | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Nauru | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (also head of government; elected by Parliament) Also leads the government | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Ranked ballots counted by the Dowdall positional method, multi-member constituencies; President elected by Parliament | Summary only |
| Nepal | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic | Federal | President (elected by an electoral college) Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Parallel: 165 first-past-the-post + 110 list seats (House of Representatives) | Summary only |
| Netherlands | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, single national constituency (House); Senate chosen by provincial councils | Summary only |
| Nicaragua | Presidential Presidential republic (authoritarian; co-presidency since 2025) | Unitary | Co-Presidents (also heads of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional (National Assembly); plurality (Co-Presidents) | Summary only |
| Niger | Other Republic under a military-led transitional government (since the 2023 coup) | Unitary | President of the Transition (military) Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections; parties dissolved 2025 | Summary only |
| Nigeria | Presidential Federal presidential republic | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); President needs a plurality plus 25% in two-thirds of states | Summary only |
| North Korea | One-party state One-party state under a hereditary dictatorship (socialist republic) | Unitary | President of State Affairs Government: Premier | Other Single-candidate approval elections (Supreme People's Assembly) | Summary only |
| North Macedonia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Norway | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional with levelling seats | Summary only |
| Oman | Other Absolute monarchy (sultanate) | Unitary | Sultan (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post Non-party first-past-the-post (Consultative Assembly, advisory only) | Summary only |
| Pakistan | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic | Federal | President (elected by an electoral college) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post for 266 general seats, plus 70 reserved seats allotted to parties by seat share; Senate by single transferable vote | Summary only |
| Palau | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post Non-partisan first-past-the-post (House of Delegates); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Palestine | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic (Palestinian Authority; legislature defunct) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections since 2006 | Summary only |
| Panama | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Mixed Mixed: plurality in single-member and list proportional in multi-member circuits (National Assembly); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Papua New Guinea | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Limited preferential voting (three preferences) in single-member seats | Summary only |
| Paraguay | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (Chamber); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Peru | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional with preference votes (Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Philippines | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Mixed Parallel: first-past-the-post districts + party-list seats (House); plurality (President) | Summary only |
| Poland | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic (directly elected president) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional (Sejm); first-past-the-post (Senate); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Portugal | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Qatar | Other Absolute monarchy (emirate) | Unitary | Emir Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections; appointed Shura Council (elected seats abolished 2024) | Summary only |
| Republic of the Congo | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Romania | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Rwanda | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional for 53 seats, the rest indirectly elected (Chamber); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Federal | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post | Summary only |
| Saint Lucia | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post | Summary only |
| Samoa | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | O le Ao o le Malo (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post; only matai (chiefs) may stand | Summary only |
| San Marino | Parliamentary Parliamentary directorial republic | Unitary | Two Captains Regent (six-month terms) Government: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | Proportional Open-list proportional with a majority bonus and a possible run-off between coalitions | Summary only |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Saudi Arabia | Other Absolute monarchy (kingdom) | Unitary | King Government: Crown Prince and Prime Minister | Other No national elections; appointed consultative council | Summary only |
| Senegal | Presidential Presidential republic (with a Prime Minister) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Parallel: plurality block vote in departments + national list seats (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Serbia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Seychelles | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Mixed Mixed: first-past-the-post + proportional top-up (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Sierra Leone | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional District closed-list proportional since 2023 (Parliament); two-round with a 55% threshold (President) | Summary only |
| Singapore | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post Plurality in single-member and party-block group constituencies; first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Slovakia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, single national constituency; two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Slovenia | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (directly elected) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Proportional in eight districts, plus two minority seats (National Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Solomon Islands | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post | Summary only |
| Somalia | Parliamentary Federal parliamentary republic (provisional constitution) | Federal | President (elected by parliament) Government: Prime Minister | Other Indirect clan-based selection: elders choose delegates who elect MPs (a move to direct elections is contested); President elected by parliament | Summary only |
| South Korea | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Mixed Parallel: 254 first-past-the-post + 46 list seats (National Assembly); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| South Sudan | Presidential Presidential republic (transitional government) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Other No national elections since independence (first elections repeatedly postponed) | Summary only |
| Sri Lanka | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic (executive presidency) | Unitary | President (also leads the cabinet) Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional with preference votes (Parliament); contingent ranked vote (President) | Summary only |
| Sudan | Other Republic under a military-led transitional government (civil war since 2023) | Unitary | Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections | Summary only |
| Suriname | Presidential Presidential republic (President elected by the National Assembly) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional, single national constituency since 2025 (National Assembly); President elected by the Assembly | Summary only |
| Sweden | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional with levelling seats | Summary only |
| Switzerland | Other Federal directorial republic | Federal | Federal Council (seven members collectively; rotating President) Also leads the government | Proportional Open-list proportional (National Council); Council of States mostly two-round | Summary only |
| Syria | Other Transitional republic under the 2025 constitutional declaration | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Other No popular elections; two-thirds of the People's Assembly chosen by regional electoral bodies, one-third appointed by the President | Summary only |
| Taiwan | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Premier | Mixed Parallel: 73 first-past-the-post + 34 list + 6 indigenous seats (Legislative Yuan); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Tajikistan | Presidential Presidential republic (authoritarian) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Parallel: 41 two-round single-member + 22 list seats (Assembly of Representatives); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Tanzania | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (National Assembly); first-past-the-post (President) | Summary only |
| Thailand | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Parallel: 400 first-past-the-post + 100 list seats (House); Senate chosen by selection among candidate groups | Summary only |
| Timor-Leste | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Closed-list proportional, single national constituency (Parliament); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Togo | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic (2024 constitution) | Unitary | President (ceremonial; elected by Parliament) Government: President of the Council of Ministers | Proportional Closed-list proportional (National Assembly); Senate mostly indirectly elected | Summary only |
| Tonga | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy (kingdom) | Unitary | King Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (17 people's seats); nobles elect their 9 | Summary only |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by Parliament) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post First-past-the-post (House); Senate appointed | Summary only |
| Tunisia | Presidential Presidential republic (2022 constitution) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member, individual candidates (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Türkiye | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional, 7% threshold (Assembly); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Turkmenistan | Presidential Presidential republic (authoritarian) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Majoritarian (two-round, ranked) Two-round single-member (Mejlis); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Tuvalu | Parliamentary Parliamentary constitutional monarchy | Unitary | King (represented by the Governor-General) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post Non-partisan plurality in multi-member constituencies; Prime Minister elected by Parliament | Summary only |
| Uganda | Presidential Presidential republic (dominant-party) | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (constituency and district women's seats); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Ukraine | Semi-presidential Semi-presidential republic (martial law since 2022) | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Proportional Open-list proportional, regional lists (Rada; elections suspended under martial law); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| United Arab Emirates | Other Federation of seven absolute monarchies (emirates) | Federal | President (Ruler of Abu Dhabi, chosen by the Federal Supreme Council) Government: Prime Minister (Ruler of Dubai) | Other No popular elections; half the Federal National Council chosen by appointed electoral colleges | Summary only |
| Uruguay | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Proportional Closed-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Uzbekistan | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President Government: Prime Minister | Mixed Mixed: 75 two-round single-member + 75 list seats (Legislative Chamber); two-round (President) | Summary only |
| Vanuatu | Parliamentary Parliamentary republic | Unitary | President (elected by an electoral college) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post Single non-transferable vote (plurality) in multi-member constituencies | Summary only |
| Vatican City | Other Absolute elective monarchy (theocracy) | Unitary | Pope (also head of government) Also leads the government | Other No national elections; the Pope is elected by the College of Cardinals | Summary only |
| Venezuela | Presidential Federal presidential republic (authoritarian; acting presidency since January 2026) | Federal | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | Mixed Parallel: first-past-the-post and list seats (National Assembly); plurality (President) | Summary only |
| Vietnam | One-party state One-party socialist republic | Unitary | President (elected by the National Assembly) Government: Prime Minister | First past the post Plurality block vote in multi-member constituencies, candidates vetted by the Fatherland Front; President elected by the Assembly | Summary only |
| Yemen | Other Republic divided by civil war (internationally recognised leadership council vs Houthi authorities in Sana'a) | Unitary | Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council Government: Prime Minister | Other No national elections since 2006 | Summary only |
| Zambia | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post (National Assembly); two-round, 50%+1 (President) | Summary only |
| Zimbabwe | Presidential Presidential republic | Unitary | President (also head of government) Also leads the government | First past the post First-past-the-post for 210 constituency seats, plus reserved women's and youth seats shared by vote; two-round (President) | Summary only |
Country by country
- Available
China
- Government
- Unitary one-party socialist republic (Chinese Communist Party leads the state)
- Head of state
- President (elected by the National People's Congress)
- Head of government
- Premier of the State Council
- Legislature
- National People's Congress (unicameral; deputies elected indirectly)
- Electoral system
- Direct elections only for county and township people's congresses; higher congresses elected by the level below
- Available
France
- Government
- Unitary semi-presidential republic
- Head of state
- President (directly elected, two rounds)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister
- Legislature
- Parliament: National Assembly (577, elected) + Senate (348, indirect)
- Electoral system
- Two-round system: single-member seats; President by national run-off
- Available
Germany
- Government
- Federal parliamentary republic of 16 Länder
- Head of state
- Federal President (elected by the Federal Convention)
- Head of government
- Federal Chancellor (elected by the Bundestag)
- Legislature
- Bundestag (630, elected) + Bundesrat (69 votes of the Länder governments)
- Electoral system
- Mixed-member proportional: 299 constituencies and Land lists, seats by Sainte-Laguë on the second vote, capped since 2023
- Available
India
- Government
- Federal parliamentary republic
- Head of state
- President (elected indirectly)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister
- Legislature
- Parliament: Lok Sabha (543 elected) + Rajya Sabha (up to 250)
- Electoral system
- First-past-the-post constituencies; Rajya Sabha by state legislatures (STV)
- Available
Israel
- Government
- Unitary parliamentary republic; no single written constitution (Basic Laws)
- Head of state
- President (elected by the Knesset, one seven-year term)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister (must win the Knesset's confidence)
- Legislature
- Knesset (120 members, one chamber)
- Electoral system
- Closed-list PR in one nationwide constituency: 3.25% threshold, Bader–Ofer (D'Hondt) with surplus-vote agreements
- Available
Italy
- Government
- Unitary parliamentary republic with five special-statute regions
- Head of state
- President of the Republic (elected by Parliament and regional delegates)
- Head of government
- President of the Council of Ministers (needs both chambers' confidence)
- Legislature
- Parliament: Chamber of Deputies (400) + Senate of the Republic (200 elected + life senators)
- Electoral system
- Mixed (Rosatellum): ~37% first-past-the-post colleges + list PR (3% lists, 10% coalitions), one vote
- Available
Japan
- Government
- Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- Head of state
- Emperor (symbolic; no powers related to government)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister (designated by the Diet)
- Legislature
- National Diet: House of Representatives (465) + House of Councillors (248)
- Electoral system
- Parallel: 289 single-member districts + 176 list-PR seats in 11 blocks; upper house by prefectural districts and national open-list PR
- Available
New Zealand
- Government
- Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- Head of state
- King (represented by the Governor-General)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister
- Legislature
- House of Representatives (120 + overhang), one chamber since 1951
- Electoral system
- Mixed-member proportional: 71 electorates (7 Māori) + 49 list seats
- Available
Russia
- Government
- Federal semi-presidential republic (dominant-party; elections not rated free by OSCE/ODIHR)
- Head of state
- President (directly elected, two-round)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister (appointed by the President after Duma approval)
- Legislature
- Federal Assembly: State Duma (450, elected) + Federation Council (2 per federal subject, chosen regionally)
- Electoral system
- Parallel: 225 closed-list PR seats (5% threshold) + 225 first-past-the-post districts; President by two-round
- Available
Spain
- Government
- Parliamentary constitutional monarchy; a unitary state of 17 autonomous communities
- Head of state
- Monarch
- Head of government
- President of the Government (invested by the Congress)
- Legislature
- Cortes Generales: Congress of Deputies (350) + Senate (209 elected + regional appointees)
- Electoral system
- Closed-list PR by province (D'Hondt, 3% threshold); Senate by limited vote
- Available
United Kingdom
- Government
- Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with devolved governments
- Head of state
- Monarch
- Head of government
- Prime Minister
- Legislature
- Parliament: House of Commons (650, elected) + House of Lords (appointed)
- Electoral system
- First-past-the-post (Commons); AMS in Scotland, closed lists in Wales, STV in Northern Ireland
- Available
United States
- Government
- Federal presidential republic
- Head of state
- President (also head of government)
- Head of government
- President
- Legislature
- Congress: House of Representatives (435) + Senate (100)
- Electoral system
- First-past-the-post districts; President via the Electoral College
- Coming soon
Australia
- Government
- Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- Head of state
- Monarch (represented by the Governor-General)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister
- Legislature
- House of Representatives + Senate
- Electoral system
- Preferential (instant-runoff) House; STV Senate; compulsory voting
Coming soon
- Coming soon
Brazil
- Government
- Federal presidential republic
- Head of state
- President (also head of government)
- Head of government
- President
- Legislature
- Chamber of Deputies + Federal Senate
- Electoral system
- Open-list proportional (Chamber); two-round (President)
Coming soon
- Coming soon
Canada
- Government
- Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- Head of state
- Monarch (represented by the Governor General)
- Head of government
- Prime Minister
- Legislature
- House of Commons (elected) + Senate (appointed)
- Electoral system
- First-past-the-post
Coming soon
- Coming soon
Indonesia
- Government
- Unitary presidential republic
- Head of state
- President (also head of government)
- Head of government
- President
- Legislature
- People's Consultative Assembly: DPR + DPD
- Electoral system
- Open-list proportional (DPR); two-round (President)
Coming soon
- Coming soon
Mexico
- Government
- Federal presidential republic
- Head of state
- President (also head of government)
- Head of government
- President
- Legislature
- Chamber of Deputies + Senate
- Electoral system
- Mixed parallel (Chamber); plurality (President)
Coming soon
- Coming soon
South Africa
- Government
- Parliamentary republic with an executive president
- Head of state
- President (elected by the National Assembly)
- Head of government
- President
- Legislature
- National Assembly + National Council of Provinces
- Electoral system
- Closed-list proportional representation
Coming soon
Map: Natural Earth via world-atlas. India's boundary follows the Survey of India depiction (outline: Datameet, CC0). Classifications are simplified; see electoral systems and executives.