✶ 1991 → 2026 · 9 Dumas · 8 presidential elections
Nine Dumas,
eight presidential votes.
No party won a majority of seats in the Dumas of the 1990s. United Russia has won the most seats at every election since 2003, and an outright majority at every one since 2007. Presidents have been elected in the first round every time except 1996. The rules changed along the way: the electoral system, the threshold and the terms of office.
State Duma seats by party, every election
Hover, tap or use the arrow keys on the chart to step through elections. Dashed lines mark a majority (226) and two thirds (300); turnout is under each year.
- United Russia
- Communist Party
- Unity
- Fatherland – All Russia
- LDPR
- A Just Russia – For Truth
- Choice of Russia
- Our Home – Russia
- Yabloko
- Agrarian Party
- Rodina
- Union of Right Forces
- Women of Russia
- Party of Russian Unity and Accord
- New People
- Democratic Party of Russia
- Independents
- Others, vacant
Parties that never won 15 seats in one election are grouped as "others", with seats left vacant (1993, 1999) and districts where "against all" won (1999). The Duma was elected by a mixed system from 1993 to 2003 and again from 2016 — half by party lists, half in single-member districts — and entirely by lists with a 7% threshold in 2007 and 2011. Turnout is as reported on each election's Wikipedia page; for 2026 that is ballots found in boxes (59.58%), while the CEC's official figure counts ballots issued (59.80%).
Every Duma · each figure links to its source
Who led
each Duma.
| Year | System | Largest party | Seats | Second | Seats | Independents | Turnout |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Mixed · 5% | Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | 64 | Choice of Russia | 62 | 135 | 54.33% |
| 1995 | Mixed · 5% | Communist Party | 157 | Our Home – Russia | 55 | 78 | 64.38% |
| 1999 | Mixed · 5% | Communist Party | 113 | Unity | 73 | 105 | 61.85% |
| 2003 | Mixed · 5% | United Russia | 223 | Communist Party | 52 | 67 | 55.75% |
| 2007 | Lists only · 7% | United Russia | 315 | Communist Party | 57 | — | 63.71% |
| 2011 | Lists only · 7% | United Russia | 238 | Communist Party | 92 | — | 60.10% |
| 2016 | Mixed · 5% | United Russia | 343 | Communist Party | 42 | 1 | 47.88% |
| 2021 | Mixed · 5% | United Russia | 324 | Communist Party | 57 | 5 | 51.72% |
| 2026 | Mixed · 5% | United Russia | 349 | Communist Party | 37 | 4 | 59.58% |
Party names are as they stood on the ballot that year (the LDPR ran as the "Zhirinovsky Bloc" in 1999). 2007 and 2011 had no district seats, so no independents. Seats are as allocated after each election, before later by-elections and switches between factions.
Presidential elections · share of the vote
One run-off
in eight elections.
A candidate needs more than half the votes cast to win outright; otherwise the top two meet in a second round. That has happened once, in 1996.
Bars: winner (dark) and runner-up (grey), as a share of the vote on each election's Wikipedia page. "Against all" was on the ballot until 2006 and is never counted as a runner-up here.
Presidents of Russia
Three people,
four spells in office.
- Boris Yeltsin 10 Jul 1991 – 31 Dec 1999
- Vladimir Putin 7 May 2000 – 7 May 2008
- Dmitry Medvedev 7 May 2008 – 7 May 2012
- Vladimir Putin 7 May 2012 – present
Acting presidents are omitted: Vladimir Putin was acting President from 31 December 1999, after Boris Yeltsin resigned, until his inauguration on 7 May 2000 — the gap in the line.
Rules of the game
What changed,
and when.
- 1993
Constitution
After the October crisis, a referendum adopts the Constitution: a strong presidency, a bicameral Federal Assembly, a 450-seat Duma elected half by lists and half by districts.
Source ↗ - 1996
- 2005
Law
Direct election of governors ends: from 2005 regional legislatures confirm the President's nominee.
Source ↗ - 2007
Law
Duma elected entirely by party lists (450) with a 7% threshold; the first Duma vote without an 'against all' line (removed in 2006) or a minimum turnout.
Source ↗ - 2008
Constitution
Presidential term extended from four to six years, the Duma's from four to five.
Source ↗ - 2011
Event
Protests over fraud in the Duma vote ('For fair elections'), the largest since the 1990s.
Source ↗ - 2012
Law
Direct gubernatorial elections return on 1 June 2012, with a 'municipal filter' on candidates.
Source ↗ - 2014
Law
Mixed system restored for the Duma (225 + 225, 5% threshold) from 2016; Federal Law 20-FZ. Crimea annexed; not recognised by UN General Assembly resolution 68/262.
Source ↗ - 2020
Constitution
Constitutional amendments approved in a week-long 'all-Russian vote': presidential terms reset; the Duma approves ministers; the Federation Council can remove judges; top officials may not hold foreign citizenship; local government joins a single system of 'public power'.
Source ↗ - 2021
Practice
Three-day voting and remote e-voting (DEG) in seven regions at a Duma election; Navalny's organisations banned as 'extremist' beforehand.
Source ↗ - 2022
Event
Russia claims to annex the Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts of Ukraine; UN General Assembly resolution ES-11/4 rejects it.
Source ↗ - 2024
Law
People designated 'foreign agents' barred from standing for any office (99-FZ of 15 May 2024).
Source ↗ - 2025
Law
New map of the 225 Duma districts (107-FZ), adding seven in occupied Ukraine. Golos, the independent observer movement, ceases work after its co-chair's conviction.
Source ↗ - 2026
Event
Yabloko's list removed by the Supreme Court; OSCE/ODIHR not invited; United Russia wins 349 of 450 seats.
Source ↗