Government — Australia

Who chooses whom

Elected, appointed,
or by convention.

Voters 18 and over, enrolment and voting compulsory
House of Representatives 150 members, one per division, full preferential
Prime Minister the leader who commands a majority in the House
Governor-General acts on the Prime Minister's advice
Ministers, justices, officers appointed by the Governor-General in Council

Senators are elected too, by each state's voters (12 each) and each territory's (2 each). The King appoints the Governor-General on the Prime Minister's advice, so the chain loops back to the House.

The Crown

King of Australia hereditary

Succession. Term: life. Source
Governor-General appointed

The King, on the Prime Minister's advice. Term: about 5 years. Source

Commonwealth

Member of the House (150) elected

Voters in each division, full preferential. Term: up to 3 years. Source
Senator (76) elected

Voters of each state/territory, STV. Term: 6 years (territories 3). Source
Prime Minister chosen by parliament

Appointed by the Governor-General as leader of the majority in the House. Term: while holding confidence. Source
Ministers appointed

Governor-General on the PM's advice; must be MPs or senators. Term: at pleasure. Source
High Court justices appointed

Governor-General in Council. Term: to age 70. Source
Electoral Commissioner appointed

Governor-General. Term: 5 years. Source

States

State Governor appointed

The King, on the Premier's advice. Term: about 5 years. Source
State MPs elected

State voters (systems differ by state and chamber). Term: 4 years (upper houses up to 8). Source
Premier chosen by parliament

Governor appoints the leader of the lower-house majority. Term: while holding confidence. Source

Territories

Chief Minister chosen by parliament

Elected by the Legislative Assembly (ACT) / appointed by the Administrator (NT). Term: while holding confidence. Source
NT Administrator appointed

Governor-General on Commonwealth advice. Term: at pleasure. Source

Local

Councillors elected

Residents and, in some states, property owners and businesses. Term: 4 years. Source
Mayor elected

Directly by voters (Qld, Tas, SA from 2027, some NSW/WA/NT councils) or by councillors. Term: 1–4 years. Source

First Nations bodies

Gellung Warl, SA Voice, TSRA members elected

Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander electors on dedicated rolls. Term: 4 years. Source

elected
appointed
chosen by parliament
hereditary

The Crown · Constitution ss 2, 61, 64

A King in London,
a Governor-General in Canberra.

King of Australia · since 8 September 2022 Charles III
Hereditary. The Crown passes by the rules of succession shared with the other realms. For life.

Head of state. Under s 2 of the Constitution the King is represented by the Governor-General, who exercises nearly all of his powers in Australia; the King appoints the Governor-General on the Prime Minister's advice.
Governor-General · since 1 July 2024 Sam Mostyn
Appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister (Constitution s 2). By convention about five years, at the King's pleasure.

Exercises the executive power of the Commonwealth (s 61) on ministerial advice: summons, prorogues and dissolves Parliament (ss 5, 28, 57), gives royal assent (s 58), appoints ministers (s 64) and is Commander-in-Chief (s 68). Retains reserve powers, used against a government once, on 11 November 1975.

Reserve powers

By convention the Governor-General acts only on ministers' advice. The exceptions, not written down, are the reserve powers: to appoint a Prime Minister when no one clearly commands the House, to dismiss one, and to refuse a dissolution.

Tuesday 11 November 1975

From 16 October 1975 the Coalition-controlled Senate deferred the budget (supply) bills. On 11 November Governor-General Sir John Kerr withdrew Whitlam's commission and appointed Opposition Leader Malcolm Fraser caretaker Prime Minister on condition that he secure supply and advise a double dissolution. Supply passed that afternoon; both houses were dissolved and at the election on 13 December 1975 the Coalition won 91 of 127 seats. It remains the only dismissal of an Australian Prime Minister by a Governor-General.

National Archives of Australia: Fact sheet — The Dismissal, 1975 · In the history →

The Constitution · Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (UK), section 9

Eight chapters,
8 changes in 45 tries.

I The Parliament ss 1–60
II The Executive Government ss 61–70
III The Judicature ss 71–80
IV Finance and Trade ss 81–105A
V The States ss 106–120
VI New States ss 121–124
VII Miscellaneous ss 125–127
VIII Alteration of the Constitution ss 128

s 7: The Senate shall be composed of senators for each State, directly chosen by the people of the State.
s 24: The House of Representatives shall be composed of members directly chosen by the people of the Commonwealth, and the number of such members shall be, as nearly as practicable, twice the number of the senators (the 'nexus').
s 28: Every House of Representatives shall continue for three years from the first meeting of the House, and no longer, but may be sooner dissolved by the Governor-General.
s 41: No adult person who has or acquires a right to vote at elections for the more numerous House of a State shall be prevented from voting at Commonwealth elections. Read narrowly by the High Court (R v Pearson, ex parte Sipka, 1983) as protecting only those enrolled before 1902.
s 51: Parliament's legislative powers, about 40 heads (trade and commerce, taxation, defence, external affairs, corporations, marriage, immigration, 'the people of any race' (xxvi), …); the states keep the rest.
s 57: Deadlocks: if the Senate twice rejects a bill three months apart, the Governor-General may dissolve both houses (a double dissolution); a joint sitting can then pass it.
s 64: Ministers hold office during the Governor-General's pleasure and must become senators or members within three months.
s 109: When a state law is inconsistent with a Commonwealth law, the latter prevails.
s 122: Parliament may make laws for the government of any territory.
s 127: Repealed in 1967: Aboriginal people were not to be counted 'in reckoning the numbers of the people'.
s 128: Alteration only by referendum: a bill passed by Parliament (or by one house twice) is put to the electors and must win a national majority and a majority in a majority of states (four of six) — the 'double majority'. Territory votes count only in the national total.

The executive · Prime Minister and Cabinet

23 in Cabinet,
all in Parliament.

Neither the Prime Minister nor Cabinet is mentioned in the Constitution. Ministers are appointed by the Governor-General on the Prime Minister's advice and must sit in Parliament within three months (s 64). The second Albanese ministry was sworn in on 13 May 2025.

Anthony Albanese Prime Minister MP for Grayndler (NSW)
Richard Marles Deputy Prime Minister · Defence MP for Corio (Vic)
Penny Wong Foreign Affairs · Leader of the Government in the Senate Senator for SA
Jim Chalmers Treasurer MP for Rankin (Qld)
Katy Gallagher Finance · Public Service · Women · Government Services · Vice-President of the Executive Council Senator for ACT
Don Farrell Trade and Tourism · Special Minister of State Senator for SA
Tony Burke Home Affairs · Immigration and Citizenship · Cyber Security · the Arts · Leader of the House MP for Watson (NSW)
Mark Butler Health and Ageing · Disability and the NDIS MP for Hindmarsh (SA)
Chris Bowen Climate Change and Energy MP for McMahon (NSW)
Catherine King Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government MP for Ballarat (Vic)
Amanda Rishworth Employment and Workplace Relations MP for Kingston (SA)
Jason Clare Education MP for Blaxland (NSW)
Michelle Rowland Attorney-General MP for Greenway (NSW)
Tanya Plibersek Social Services MP for Sydney (NSW)
Julie Collins Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry MP for Franklin (Tas)
Clare O'Neil Housing · Homelessness · Cities MP for Hotham (Vic)
Madeleine King Resources · Northern Australia MP for Brand (WA)
Murray Watt Environment and Water Senator for Qld
Malarndirri McCarthy Indigenous Australians Senator for NT
Anika Wells Communications · Sport MP for Lilley (Qld)
Pat Conroy Defence Industry · Pacific Island Affairs MP for Shortland (NSW)
Anne Aly Small Business · International Development · Multicultural Affairs MP for Cowan (WA)
Tim Ayres Industry and Innovation · Science Senator for NSW

Outer ministry · 7 ministers

Matt Keogh Veterans' Affairs, Defence Personnel (Burt (WA))
Kristy McBain Regional Development, Local Government and Territories, Emergency Management (Eden-Monaro (NSW))
Andrew Giles Skills and Training (Scullin (Vic))
Jenny McAllister National Disability Insurance Scheme (NSW)
Daniel Mulino Assistant Treasurer, Financial Services (Fraser (Vic))
Jess Walsh Early Childhood Education, Youth (Vic)
Sam Rae Aged Care and Seniors (Hawke (Vic))

Shadow Cabinet · 23 · secondary source

Angus Taylor Leader of the Opposition
Matt Canavan Trade, Investment and Tourism, Leader of the Nationals
Jane Hume Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Employment and Workplace Relations, Productivity and Deregulation
Michaelia Cash Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, Attorney-General
Anne Ruston Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, Health and Aged Care
Tim Wilson Treasurer
Andrew Hastie Industry and Sovereign Capability
Jonno Duniam Home Affairs and Immigration
James Paterson Defence
Claire Chandler Finance, Public Service, Government Services
Ted O'Brien Foreign Affairs
Bridget McKenzie Infrastructure and Transport, Regional Development, Local Government and Territories
Julian Leeser Education, Indigenous Australians
Melissa McIntosh Families and Social Services, Women, NDIS
Sarah Henderson Communications and Digital Safety
Andrew Bragg Environment, Housing and Homelessness
Jacinta Nampijinpa Price Skills and Training, Small Business
Dan Tehan Energy and Emissions Reduction, Manager of Opposition Business
Darren Chester Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Deputy Leader of the Nationals
Michael McCormack Water, Veterans' Affairs
Kevin Hogan Assistant Treasurer, Financial Services
Susan McDonald Resources and Northern Australia
Phillip Thompson Defence Industry, Defence Personnel

Wikipedia: Taylor shadow ministry

Cabinet: PM&C: Ministry list as at 1 July 2025 (latest edition found; pmc.gov.au bot-walls scripts) · PM: Ministerial arrangements, 12 May 2025 · Wikipedia: Second Albanese ministry (secondary)

The Parliament · the King, the Senate and the House (s 1)

Two chambers,
both elected.

76 of 150 for a majority

House of Representatives · 150

150 single-member divisions, full preferential (instant-runoff) voting: every box must be numbered. Seats are shared among the states by population (s 24); the 2025 election was the first with 150 seats (down from 151: NSW and Victoria lost one each, WA gained one).

Up to three years from its first meeting (s 28); can be dissolved early.

Labor 94
Liberal (incl. 10 LNP) 27
Nationals (incl. 6 LNP) 14
One Nation 2
Community Strong 2
Greens 1
Katter's Australian 1
Centre Alliance 1
Independents 8

One Nation's two MPs are Barnaby Joyce (New England, ex-Nationals, joined December 2025) and David Farley (won the Farrer by-election, 9 May 2026). Community Strong is the party formed by Allegra Spender (Wentworth) and Zali Steggall (Warringah). Composition as of 25 June 2026, from a secondary source: Wikipedia: Composition of the Australian House of Representatives (as of 25 Jun 2026).

39 of 76 to pass a vote

Senate · 76

Single transferable vote. Each state elects 12 senators for six-year terms, six at each half-Senate election; the ACT and NT elect two each for terms tied to the House. Since 2016 voters number at least 6 boxes above the line or at least 12 below it. A state's quota at a half-Senate election is 14.3% of formal votes.

State senators six years (from 1 July); territory senators with each House election.

Labor 30
Liberal (incl. 2 LNP, 1 CLP) 23
Nationals (incl. 2 LNP) 4
Greens 10
One Nation 4
Jacqui Lambie Network 1
United Australia 1
Australia's Voice 1
Independents (Pocock, Thorpe) 2

Labor needs 9 more votes to pass a bill opposed by the Coalition: the Greens alone (10) suffice. Composition as of 14 May 2026, from a secondary source: Wikipedia: Composition of the Australian Senate (as of 14 May 2026).

s 53 · money bills

Bills that appropriate money or impose taxation must start in the House. The Senate cannot amend them, but may ask the House to, and may reject any bill, including supply: the power used in 1975.

s 57 · deadlocks

Deadlocks: if the Senate twice rejects a bill three months apart, the Governor-General may dissolve both houses (a double dissolution); a joint sitting can then pass it. Double dissolutions →

Presiding officers

Milton Dick, Speaker of the House of Representatives since 26 July 2022. Presides over the House, keeps order, rules on procedure and has a casting vote only on a tie (s 40). Administers the Department of the House with the President.
Sue Lines, President of the Senate since 26 July 2022. Presides over the Senate. Unlike the Speaker the President has a deliberative vote and no casting vote; a tie means the question is lost (s 23).

The courts and the officers of Parliament

Seven justices
until seventy.

Stephen Gageler Chief Justice · on the Court since 9 October 2012
Michelle Gordon Justice · on the Court since 9 June 2015
James Edelman Justice · on the Court since 30 January 2017
Simon Steward Justice · on the Court since 1 December 2020
Jacqueline Gleeson Justice · on the Court since 1 March 2021
Jayne Jagot Justice · on the Court since 17 October 2022
Robert Beech-Jones Justice · on the Court since 6 November 2023

High Court of Australia: Current Justices. Stephen Gageler became Chief Justice on 6 November 2023.

Body	Members	Chosen	Term	Powers
Federal Executive Council	The Governor-General and all ministers (as Executive Councillors, s 62)	Ministers are sworn as Executive Councillors when appointed and remain members for life, but only current ministers are summoned	Meets about fortnightly; quorum is the Governor-General (or deputy) and two ministers	Gives the formal advice on which the Governor-General makes regulations, appointments and proclamations ('Governor-General in Council').
Cabinet	23 senior ministers chaired by the Prime Minister	Ministers must sit in Parliament within three months (s 64); in Labor governments the caucus elects the ministry and the leader allocates portfolios	At the Prime Minister's discretion	The real centre of executive power, though it exists only by convention: decides government policy and legislation, collectively responsible to the House.
High Court of Australia	Chief Justice and six justices	Appointed by the Governor-General in Council (s 72); the Attorney-General must consult the state Attorneys-General	Until age 70	Final court of appeal for all Australian courts (appeals to the Privy Council ended in 1986) and interpreter of the Constitution; it can strike down Commonwealth and state laws and sits as the Court of Disputed Returns on elections.
Australian Electoral Commission	A chairperson (a judge), the Electoral Commissioner and one other member	Appointed by the Governor-General under Part II of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918	Up to seven years (Commissioner appointed for five)	Independent statutory authority since 21 February 1984: electoral roll, federal elections and referendums, party registration, funding and disclosure (Transparency Register), electoral boundaries. Also runs some industrial and Torres Strait Regional Authority elections.
Commonwealth Ombudsman	One Ombudsman	Appointed by the Governor-General under the Ombudsman Act 1976	Up to seven years	Investigates complaints about Commonwealth agencies; cannot overturn decisions, only recommend.
Auditor-General (ANAO)	One Auditor-General, an independent officer of the Parliament	Appointed by the Governor-General on the PM's recommendation after the Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit approves (Auditor-General Act 1997)	A single ten-year term	Audits all Commonwealth entities' financial statements and the performance of programs.

Stephen Gageler Chief Justice of Australia · since 6 November 2023 Presides over the High Court, the final court of appeal and the court of constitutional review.
Jeff Pope Electoral Commissioner · since 15 December 2025 Heads the Australian Electoral Commission, which keeps the roll, runs federal elections, by-elections and referendums, registers parties, administers election funding and disclosure and conducts redistributions.

Six states, two territories

Eight parliaments,
eight electoral systems.

The states keep every power the Constitution does not give the Commonwealth: schools, hospitals, police, transport, land and local government. Where a state law conflicts with a Commonwealth one, the Commonwealth's prevails (s 109). The territories govern under Commonwealth Acts that Parliament can override (s 122).

Jurisdiction	Crown	Head of government	Opposition	Chambers and systems	Next election
New South Wales Sydney	Governor Margaret Beazley (since 2 May 2019)Term extended in January 2026 to 1 May 2028.	Premier Chris Minns since 28 March 2023	Kellie Sloane	Legislative Assembly (93): Single-member districts, optional preferential voting (numbering one box is enough). Four years, fixed.Legislative Council (42): 21 elected every four years from a single statewide electorate by STV; optional preferential above the line. Eight years.	13 March 2027
Victoria Melbourne	Governor Margaret Gardner (since 9 August 2023)	Premier Ben Carroll since 28 July 2026	Jess Wilson	Legislative Assembly (88): Single-member districts, full preferential voting. Four years, fixed.Legislative Council (40): Eight regions of five members, STV. Group voting tickets were abolished in August 2026: voters now number at least 5 boxes above or below the line. Four years, elected with the Assembly.	28 November 2026
Queensland Brisbane	Governor Thomas Bradley (since 1 November 2026)28th Governor, succeeding Jeannette Young.	Premier David Crisafulli since 28 October 2024	Steven Miles	Legislative Assembly (93): Single-member districts, full preferential voting (restored 2016). Unicameral since 1922. Four years, fixed (since 2020).	28 October 2028
Western Australia Perth	Governor Chris Dawson (since 15 July 2022)	Premier Roger Cook since 8 June 2023	Basil Zempilas	Legislative Assembly (59): Single-member districts, full preferential voting. Four years, fixed.Legislative Council (37): A single statewide electorate electing 37 by STV, first used in 2025 (Constitutional and Electoral Legislation Amendment (Electoral Equality) Act 2021); replaced six regions of six and ended group voting tickets. Four years, elected with the Assembly.	10 March 2029partly secondary
South Australia Adelaide	Governor Richard Harris (since 6 October 2026)Acting (as Lieutenant-Governor) since Frances Adamson's term ended on 6 October 2026; Police Commissioner Grant Stevens has been named the next Governor.	Premier Peter Malinauskas since 21 March 2022	Ashton Hurn	House of Assembly (47): Single-member districts, full preferential voting. Four years, fixed.Legislative Council (22): 11 elected every four years statewide by STV (group voting tickets abolished 2018). Eight years.	16 March 2030partly secondary
Tasmania Hobart	Governor Caroline Wells (since 17 June 2026)30th Governor, succeeding Barbara Baker.	Premier Jeremy Rockliff since 8 April 2022	Josh Willie	House of Assembly (35): Hare-Clark STV: five divisions (the federal divisions) of seven members each; restored to 35 seats in 2024. Up to four years, no fixed date.Legislative Council (15): Single-member divisions, preferential voting; two or three seats elected each May on a rolling cycle. Six years.	by 2029
Australian Capital Territory Canberra	No vice-regal office: the Assembly elects the Chief Minister	Chief Minister Andrew Barr since 11 December 2014	Mark Parton	Legislative Assembly (25): Hare-Clark STV: five electorates of five members; the Assembly elects the Chief Minister directly. Four years, fixed.	21 October 2028
Northern Territory Darwin	Administrator David Connolly (since 27 February 2026)Appointed by the Governor-General on Commonwealth advice; his appointment drew protests.	Chief Minister Lia Finocchiaro since 28 August 2024	Selena Uibo	Legislative Assembly (25): Single-member divisions, full preferential voting. Four years, fixed.	26 August 2028partly secondary

State parliaments
Six parliaments; bicameral except Queensland (Legislative Council abolished 1922). Elected under state constitutions and electoral Acts, each run by a state electoral commission. Four-year terms (fixed in NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA; Tasmania up to four years).

Plenary ('residual') powers over everything not exclusively Commonwealth: schools, hospitals, police, transport, land, local government. Commonwealth law prevails on conflict (s 109).
Territory legislative assemblies (ACT, NT)
Unicameral, 25 members each. Self-government granted by Commonwealth Acts (NT 1978, ACT 1989); fixed four-year terms. Four years, fixed.

State-like powers delegated by Commonwealth law, which the Commonwealth Parliament can override (s 122) — as it did over NT euthanasia in 1997.
Local councils
537 councils (ALGA count) with elected councillors; the ACT has none. Elected under each state's or the NT's local government and electoral Acts; mayors directly or indirectly elected depending on the state. Four years in every state and the NT.

Only what state Acts give them: roads, rubbish, planning approvals, libraries, parks, rates. Not mentioned in the Constitution; referendums to recognise local government failed in 1974 (46.85%) and 1988 (33.62%).

Local government · not in the Constitution

537 councils,
created by the states.

Councils are created by state Acts (e.g. Local Government Act 2020 (Vic), Local Government Act 1993 (NSW)) and can be dismissed by the state, which appoints administrators — as at Roxby Downs (SA). Typical functions: local roads, waste, planning and building approvals, parks, libraries, community services; funded by rates, fees and grants.

Local government is not mentioned in the Constitution. Proposals to recognise it were rejected at referendums in 1974 (46.85% Yes, one state) and 1988 (33.62%, no state). The Commonwealth funds councils directly through Financial Assistance Grants.

Compulsory in NSW, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania (since 2022) and the NT; voluntary in South Australia and Western Australia. Victorian, Tasmanian and South Australian council elections are by post.

ALGA's facts-and-figures count; its 'About' page gives 538. The per-state counts in JURISDICTIONS (sum 535) are approximate and from Wikipedia; ALGA also counts bodies such as island and Indigenous shire councils.

State	Councils	Voting	Mayors
NSW	128	Compulsory	Mostly elected by councillors for two-year terms; some councils elect the mayor directly for four yearsNext: September 2028
VIC	79	Compulsory	Elected by councillors for one or two years, except the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, who is directly elected with a deputyNext: October 2028
QLD	77	Compulsory	Directly elected in every councilNext: March 2028
WA	137	Voluntary	Larger councils elect mayors directly since the 2023 reforms; others elect a president from among councillors
SA	68	Voluntary	All mayors directly elected from 2027Next: 7 April 2027
TAS	29	Compulsory	Mayors and deputy mayors directly elected, by postal ballot, for four yearsNext: 2030
ACT	—	—	No local government: the Assembly performs both territory and municipal functions
NT	17	Compulsory	Municipal councils elect mayors directly; regional councils elect a president from among membersNext: August 2029

Elected First Nations bodies

Voices to parliaments,
by state.

The national Voice to Parliament was rejected at the 2023 referendum. Victoria and South Australia have elected bodies of their own; the Torres Strait Regional Authority and the Northern Territory land councils are older.

Victoria · last elected 24 April 2026 First Peoples' Assembly of Victoria (Gellung Warl)
Elected by Aboriginal Victorians on the Gellung Warl roll: 22 general members from five regions plus 12 seats reserved for Traditional Owner groups; elections run by the independent Treaty Authority.. Four years.

Under Victoria's Statewide Treaty (2025), Gellung Warl became the permanent representative body from 1 May 2026, with advisory, accountability and some decision-making roles. The Coalition opposition has promised to repeal the treaty.
Victorian Premier: Gellung Warl to represent First Peoples in Victoria
South Australia · last elected 21 March 2026 First Nations Voice to the South Australian Parliament
Elected by Aboriginal South Australians in six regions (voluntary voting), run by the Electoral Commission of SA; first elected March 2024, then on 21 March 2026 with the state election. Four years, aligned with state elections.

Can address Parliament and must be consulted on bills affecting Aboriginal people; no veto.
SA Attorney-General's Department: First Nations Voice
Commonwealth (Torres Strait, Qld) · last elected 30 November 2024 Torres Strait Regional Authority
20 board members elected from 20 wards; the AEC runs the election. Four years.

Commonwealth statutory authority (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005) that plans and delivers programs and advises on Torres Strait affairs.
AEC: 2024 Torres Strait Regional Authority election
Northern Territory NT land councils (Northern, Central, Tiwi, Anindilyakwa)
Members chosen by Aboriginal communities and traditional owners in each council's region, under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976. Three years (Northern and Central Land Councils).

Represent traditional owners, negotiate land use and mining agreements and lodge land claims.
Northern Land Council

Changing the Constitution · s 128

A national majority
and four of six states.

Alteration only by referendum: a bill passed by Parliament (or by one house twice) is put to the electors and must win a national majority and a majority in a majority of states (four of six) — the 'double majority'. Territory votes count only in the national total.

Of 45 proposals put since 1906, 8 have carried. 5 won a national majority and still failed for lack of states, among them Simultaneous Elections in 1977, with 62.22% Yes and 3 states. All 45, state by state →

Try it · Constitution s 128 · the double majority

Would it have carried?

Referendum Uniform swing to Yes: 0.0 points

National 39.94%

NSW 41.04%

VIC 45.85%

QLD 31.79%

WA 36.73%

SA 35.83%

TAS 41.06%

ACT 61.29%

NT 39.70%

Not carried: 39.94% Yes nationally, 0 of 6 states.

A uniform swing of more than 13.27 points would have carried it.

Territories count only in the national total (since 1977). Moving one state moves the national figure by that jurisdiction's share of 2025 federal enrolment, an approximation: the shares of formal votes at each referendum differ. Results: AEC, per-state figures from a secondary source.

Photo credits · 28 photos

Sam Mostyn — Governor-General of Australia, CC BY 3.0 · Anthony Albanese — Australian Government, CC BY 4.0 · Richard Marles — Ministry of Defence, GODL-India · Penny Wong — Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, CC BY 4.0 · Jim Chalmers — myPolice Logan, CC BY 4.0 · Katy Gallagher — European Union/ Gary Ramage, CC BY 4.0 · Don Farrell — Gawler History, CC BY-SA 2.0 · Tony Burke — UK Home Office, CC BY 4.0 · Mark Butler — Yu Chu Chin, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Chris Bowen — UK Government, CC BY 2.0 · Catherine King — Office of Catherine King, CC BY-SA 3.0 · Amanda Rishworth — Luke Anderson, CC BY 2.0 · Jason Clare — Yu Chu Chin, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Michelle Rowland — Commonwealth of Australia, CC BY 3.0 au · Tanya Plibersek — Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, CC BY 4.0 · Clare O'Neil — Department of Foreign Affairs, CC BY 4.0 · Madeleine King — Commonwealth of Australia, CC BY 3.0 au · Murray Watt — Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, CC BY 4.0 · Malarndirri McCarthy — Australian Government, CC BY 4.0 · Anika Wells — Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)/Sarah Hodges, CC BY 4.0 · Pat Conroy — Australian Government, CC BY 4.0 · Anne Aly — Auspic / DFAT, CC BY 4.0 · Tim Ayres — (AUSPIC/DFAT), CC BY 4.0 · Stephen Gageler — David Foote, on behalf of the Office of the Official Secretary to the Governor-General (Commonwealth of Australia), CC BY 3.0 · Sue Lines — Gnangarra, CC BY 2.5 au . Others public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Elected, appointed,or by convention.

A King in London,a Governor-General in Canberra.

Eight chapters,8 changes in 45 tries.

23 in Cabinet,all in Parliament.

Two chambers,both elected.