One member, most votes
A single member constituency elects one MP by plurality. The Act requires at least eight SMCs (s.8A(1A)); there were 15 in 2025, up from 14 in 2020 and 9 from 1997 to 2006.
✶ Parliamentary Elections Act 1954 · plurality, in teams
One vote,
five MPs.
Singapore elects its Parliament by first past the post. In 15 single member constituencies (SMCs) the candidate with the most votes wins. In 18 group representation constituencies (GRCs) voters choose between party teams of four or five, and the team with the most votes takes every seat. Each team must include a member of the Malay community or of the Indian or other minority communities.
Seat lab · GE2025 and GE2020, constituency by constituency
Move the vote,
watch the teams fall.
Take ELD's declared results and shift votes between the PAP and its strongest challenger in every contest by the same amount. Winners, NCMP seats and the size of the House are worked out again under the Act's rules. With no swing you get the declared result: PAP 87, WP 10, and two NCMPs.
| Party | Seats | vs declared | NCMP |
|---|
Non-Constituency MPs (PEA s.52)
A uniform swing is a thought experiment, not a forecast. Shares are ELD's per-constituency percentages of valid votes; walkovers (Marine Parade-Braddell Heights in 2025) cannot change hands. Multi-cornered contests move only the PAP and the runner-up.
How the seats are filled · 3 May 2025
Three kinds
of member.
A team on one vote
Each GRC elects a team of the size the President designates: by law three to six (s.8A(1)(a)). In 2025 there were 8 four-member and 10 five-member GRCs. Every member must stand for the same party, or all as independents (s.27A(3)). The voter marks one box, for a team.
At least one minority member
Every GRC is designated either Malay, or Indian or other minority, and every team in it must include at least one member of that community. Three-fifths of GRCs, rounded up, must be Malay-designated (s.8A(3)). In 2025 that was 11 of 18; the other 7 were Indian or other minority.
Who counts as minority
A candidate standing as the minority member applies, at least two clear days before Nomination Day, to the Malay Community Committee or the Indian and Other Minority Communities Committee, each of five members appointed by the President on the nomination of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights. The Act defines a person of the Malay community as one, of the Malay race or otherwise, who considers themselves a member and is generally accepted as one by that community. Without the certificate the team's nomination is void.
A floor for GRCs
At least a quarter of all MPs must come from GRCs. In practice the share has been far higher: 85% in 2025.
Members without a constituency
Non-Constituency MPs top the opposition up towards twelve members, and up to nine Nominated MPs are appointed. Both are described below. In the 15th Parliament: 2 NCMPs and 9 NMPs.
GRCs since 1988 · counted from ELD's results
From teams of three
to teams of five.
GRCs were introduced in 1988 with teams of three, then four from 1991, and up to six from 1997. Since 2020 every team has had four or five members. The share of seats elected in teams rose from under half to nearly nine in ten.
- 1984 — 79 single-member seats
- 1988 48% 13 GRCs of 3 · 42 SMCs
- 1991 74% 15 GRCs of 4 · 21 SMCs
- 1997 89% 15 GRCs of 4/5/6 · 9 SMCs
- 2001 89% 14 GRCs of 5/6 · 9 SMCs
- 2006 89% 14 GRCs of 5/6 · 9 SMCs
- 2011 86% 15 GRCs of 4/5/6 · 12 SMCs
- 2015 85% 16 GRCs of 4/5/6 · 13 SMCs
- 2020 85% 17 GRCs of 4/5 · 14 SMCs
- 2025 85% 18 GRCs of 4/5 · 15 SMCs
Walkovers were common while GRCs were large: 41 of 81 seats in 1991 and 55 of 84 in 2001 were filled unopposed. Every seat was contested in 2015 and 2020; in 2025 only Marine Parade–Braddell Heights GRC was not.
Non-Constituency MPs · Parliamentary Elections Act s.52
Twelve opposition voices,
one way or another.
After a general election the Returning Officer declares 12 minus the number of opposition MPs elected as Non-Constituency MPs (s.52(1)). They are taken from the losing candidates of parties other than the governing party, in order of their percentage of the vote (s.52(2)). A GRC team member counts with the team's percentage (s.52(3D)).
A candidate is passed over (s.52(3A)) if they:
- polled under 15% of the valid votes in their constituency;
- stood in a GRC from which two others have already been declared; or
- stood in an SMC from which one has already been declared.
When members of one GRC team tie for the last seat, the team decides who takes it; otherwise the choice is by lot (s.52(3B)). Independents are not party candidates and so cannot become NCMPs. The scheme began in 1984 with a minimum of three opposition members. The Constitution allowed up to six NCMPs until 2010, when the limit was raised to nine; the present formula of twelve was first applied at GE2020.
GE2025: 10 opposition MPs elected, so 2 seats
| # | Losing candidacy | Share | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | WP · Jalan Kayu SMC | 48.53% | NCMP |
| 2 | WP · Tampines GRC | 47.37% | NCMP |
| 3 | SDP · Sembawang West SMC | 46.82% | Not reached |
| 4 | WP · Punggol GRC | 44.83% | Not reached |
| 5 | WP · Tampines Changkat SMC | 43.84% | Not reached |
| 6 | WP · East Coast GRC | 41.27% | Not reached |
| 7 | PSP · West Coast-Jurong West GRC | 40.01% | Not reached |
| 8 | SDP · Bukit Panjang SMC | 38.62% | Not reached |
| 9 | PSP · Chua Chu Kang GRC | 36.40% | Not reached |
| 10 | Ind · Mountbatten SMC | 36.18% | Independent: not eligible |
ELD declared Andre Low (WP, Jalan Kayu SMC, the highest losing share) on 19 May 2025. The WP's five-member Tampines GRC team was next. The Returning Officer asked the team to choose one of its members, and on 18 May it named Eileen Chong. 7 other opposition candidacies polled under 15% and could not have qualified.
Nominated MPs · Constitution Art. 39(1)(c), Fourth Schedule
Nine members
no one elected.
Up to nine non-partisan members are appointed by the President for two and a half years, on the nomination of a Special Select Committee of Parliament chaired by the Speaker. The scheme took effect in 1990 with up to six; the limit became nine in 1997, and since 2010 the appointments no longer need a fresh resolution of each Parliament.
- Mr Azhar Othmansince 12 January 2026
- Dr Haresh Singarajusince 12 January 2026
- Assoc Prof Kenneth Gohsince 12 January 2026
- Prof Kenneth Poonsince 12 January 2026
- Ms Kuah Boon Thengsince 12 January 2026
- Mr Mark Leesince 12 January 2026
- Dr Neo Kok Bengsince 12 January 2026
- Mr Sanjeev Kumar Tiwarisince 12 January 2026
- Assoc Prof Terence Hosince 12 January 2026
Same votes, other systems
65.6% of the vote,
90% of the seats.
Plurality in large multi-member districts magnifies the leading party's lead. The tables share out the same valid votes by rules Singapore does not use. Votes are counted only where there was a contest.
| Party | Vote | Exact share | Actual | D'Hondt, national | Largest remainder | D'Hondt in each GRC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAP | 65.57% | 63.6 | 87 | 67 | 64 | 73 |
| WP | 14.99% | 14.5 | 10 | 15 | 14 | 12 |
| PSP | 4.88% | 4.7 | 0 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
| RDU | 3.96% | 3.8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| SDP | 3.72% | 3.6 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| PAR | 2.51% | 2.4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| SDA | 1.22% | 1.2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| SPP | 1.18% | 1.1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| SUP | 0.66% | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| PPP | 0.65% | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Party | Vote | Exact share | Actual | D'Hondt, national | Largest remainder | D'Hondt in each GRC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PAP | 61.23% | 56.9 | 83 | 60 | 57 | 65 |
| WP | 11.22% | 10.4 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 |
| PSP | 10.18% | 9.5 | 0 | 9 | 10 | 8 |
| SDP | 4.45% | 4.1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| NSP | 3.75% | 3.5 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| PV | 2.37% | 2.2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| RP | 2.19% | 2.0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| SPP | 1.52% | 1.4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| SDA | 1.49% | 1.4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| RDU | 1.25% | 1.2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
National proportional representation treats Singapore as one constituency and shares every seat in proportion to the votes. The 131,820 electors of the uncontested GRC cast no vote in 2025, so their five seats are shared as if they had voted like everyone else. D'Hondt leans slightly towards larger parties; largest remainder (Hare) is closer to exact.
D'Hondt in each GRC keeps the constituencies but shares each GRC's seats in proportion to its vote. SMCs and the walkover are unchanged.
An all-SMC Parliament cannot be computed. GRC votes are counted for the whole GRC, not by neighbourhood, so the results do not show who would win single seats drawn inside one. Any such figure would be a guess.
Independents are counted one by one, not as a list.
GRC team builder · PEA ss.8A, 27A–27C
Would your team
be nominated?
Load a 2025 GRC or choose a team size and designation. Then set each candidate's party and community certificate: the check is the one the Returning Officer applies on Nomination Day.
Certificates: Malay Community Committee · Indian and Other Minority Communities Committee (PEA s.27C). Deposits, donation certificates and assentors are not checked.
Boundaries · Electoral Boundaries Review Committee
Redrawn before
every election.
Before each general election the Prime Minister convenes the Electoral Boundaries Review Committee, a committee of senior civil servants chaired by the Secretary to the Prime Minister. It is not provided for in the Constitution. Its terms of reference, such as the number of SMCs and the average size of a GRC, come from the Prime Minister. Its report is published as a White Paper and the divisions are then gazetted.
For GE2025 the committee was convened on 22 January 2025. Its report was published on 11 March 2025: 33 divisions and 97 seats, up from 31 and 93 in 2020. The writ was issued on 15 April, five weeks later.
2020 → 2025, from the results
- New names
- Bukit Gombak SMC, Jalan Kayu SMC, Jurong Central SMC, Jurong East-Bukit Batok GRC, Marine Parade-Braddell Heights GRC, Pasir Ris-Changi GRC, Punggol GRC, Queenstown SMC, Sembawang West SMC, Tampines Changkat SMC, West Coast-Jurong West GRC
- Gone
- Bukit Batok SMC, Hong Kah North SMC, Jurong GRC, MacPherson SMC, Marine Parade GRC, Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC, Punggol West SMC, West Coast GRC, Yuhua SMC
- Same name, new team size
- None
A constituency that keeps its name can still change its boundaries. See the maps on /sg/places.