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✶ Estados Unidos Mexicanos · Federal presidential republic · as of 4 November 2026

From the Presidency
to the ejido.

Mexico is a federal republic of 31 states and Mexico City under the Constitution of 5 February 1917 (arts. 40, 43). Power is split between a President elected for one six-year term, a two-chamber Congress, and a judiciary whose judges have been elected by popular vote since 2025. Below the states sit 2,462 municipalities and Mexico City's 16 boroughs; below those, towns that govern themselves by custom and some 32,000 agrarian assemblies.

Top to root · fifteen tiers

Who governs,
level by level.

Open a tier for its members, how they are chosen, the term, the powers and the source.

15 tiers · federation to ejido

  1. Federation — executive President of the Republic Presidencia de la República
    Members
    1
    How chosen
    Elected directly by plurality, one round (art. 81)
    Term
    Six years from 1 October; never again (art. 83). Can be recalled (art. 35 IX, 40% turnout needed)

    Powers

    • Head of state and of government; commands the armed forces
    • Appoints the secretaries of state; the Senate ratifies the foreign secretary, the Chamber the finance secretary
    • Promulgates laws and may veto them; proposes the budget
    • Nominates candidates for the judicial election (one of three branches nominating)

    Source: diputados.gob.mx ↗

  2. Federation — legislature Chamber of Deputies Cámara de Diputados
    Members
    500: 300 single-member districts + 200 from regional lists in 5 constituencies
    How chosen
    Elected directly; parallel system with a 3% threshold, a 300-seat cap and an 8-point over-representation cap per party (arts. 52–54)
    Term
    Three years; one consecutive re-election allowed until 2027, banned from 2030 (art. 59)

    Powers

    • Approves the federal budget alone (art. 74)
    • Chooses the INE councillors by two thirds
    • Brings impeachment (juicio político) charges
    • Shares law-making and constitutional amendment with the Senate

    Source: diputados.gob.mx ↗

  3. Federation — legislature Senate Senado de la República
    Members
    128: per state 2 by plurality + 1 first minority (96), plus 32 from one national list
    How chosen
    Elected directly (art. 56)
    Term
    Six years; one consecutive re-election allowed until 2030 (art. 59)

    Powers

    • Ratifies treaties, ambassadors and senior officers
    • Elects the Attorney General
    • Issues the call for judicial candidacies and swears in elected judges
    • Shares law-making and constitutional amendment with the Chamber

    Source: senado.gob.mx ↗

  4. Federation — legislature (recess) Permanent Commission Comisión Permanente
    Members
    37: 19 deputies + 18 senators (art. 78, as amended DOF 15 Oct 2025)
    How chosen
    Named by each chamber before its recess
    Term
    During recesses (after 15 Dec and after 30 Apr)

    Powers

    • Calls extraordinary sessions
    • Counts state-legislature votes and declares constitutional amendments (art. 135)

    Source: diputados.gob.mx ↗

  5. Federation — judiciary Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación
    Members
    9 ministers (11 before the 2024 reform)
    How chosen
    Elected nationwide by popular vote since 2025, from lists nominated by the three branches (art. 96)
    Term
    Twelve years (the 2025 cohort: eight or eleven, by votes received); presidency rotates every two years

    Powers

    • Constitutional controversies and actions of unconstitutionality
    • Final instance in amparo and constitutional review; may not review constitutional amendments (arts. 105, 107, DOF 31 Oct 2024)

    Source: scjn.gob.mx ↗

  6. Federation — judiciary Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación
    Members
    Sala Superior of 7 magistrates; regional chambers
    How chosen
    Elected by popular vote (Sala Superior vacancies in 2025, the rest in 2028)
    Term
    Six years for Sala Superior seats (transitional terms to 2033)

    Powers

    • Final, unappealable rulings on federal election disputes
    • Declares the presidential election valid and the president-elect

    Source: te.gob.mx ↗

  7. Federation — judiciary Judicial Discipline Tribunal; Judicial Administration Body Tribunal de Disciplina Judicial; Órgano de Administración Judicial
    Members
    Tribunal: 5 elected members
    How chosen
    Tribunal elected nationwide by popular vote (2025); replaced the Consejo de la Judicatura Federal
    Term
    Six years, staggered, no re-election

    Powers

    • Disciplines and evaluates judges (first-year evaluation of elected judges)
    • The administration body runs the judiciary's budget, staff and courts

    Source: diputados.gob.mx ↗

  8. Federation — autonomous bodies National Electoral Institute Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE)
    Members
    Consejo General: a president and 10 councillors
    How chosen
    Chosen by two thirds of the Chamber of Deputies (art. 41 V A)
    Term
    Nine years, no re-election; staggered

    Powers

    • Organises federal elections, the judicial elections, recall votes and national consultations
    • Keeps the electoral roll and the voter ID; draws the 300 districts
    • Audits party finances; runs PREP and the quick count

    Source: ine.mx ↗

  9. Federation — autonomous bodies Attorney General's Office Fiscalía General de la República (FGR)
    Members
    1 Attorney General; includes the specialised electoral-crimes prosecutor (FISEL)
    How chosen
    Elected by two thirds of the Senate from a shortlist sent by the President
    Term
    Nine years

    Powers

    • Prosecutes federal crimes, including electoral crimes (Ley General en Materia de Delitos Electorales)

    Source: gob.mx ↗

  10. States 31 states and Mexico City Entidades federativas
    Members
    32 entities
    How chosen
    Governors elected directly; local congresses by plurality and PR with the same 8-point cap (art. 116 II)
    Term
    Governors six years, never again; local deputies three years

    Powers

    • Own constitutions, congresses and courts (local judges now elected, by 2028 at the latest)
    • Local electoral institutes (OPLEs) run local elections under INE rules
    • State congresses ratify constitutional amendments by majority of the 32 (art. 135)

    Source: diputados.gob.mx ↗

  11. Mexico City Head of Government, Congress, 16 alcaldías Jefatura de Gobierno, Congreso de la Ciudad de México, alcaldías
    Members
    1 head; 66 deputies; 16 alcaldías (alcalde plus concejo)
    How chosen
    Elected directly
    Term
    Head six years; deputies and alcaldías three years

    Powers

    • A federal entity with its own constitution (art. 122); alcaldías are its boroughs

    Source: cdmx.gob.mx ↗

  12. Municipalities Ayuntamiento Ayuntamiento: presidencia municipal, sindicatura, regidurías
    Members
    2,462 municipalities (INEGI catalogue: 2,478 units including the 16 alcaldías); up to 15 regidurías from the next term (DOF 23 Apr 2026)
    How chosen
    Elected directly by slate (planilla), or by indigenous normative systems where state law provides (418 of Oaxaca's 570)
    Term
    Three years in most states (set by state constitutions); one consecutive re-election until 2027, banned from 2030

    Powers

    • Water, drainage, street lighting, waste, markets, cemeteries, streets, parks, municipal police (art. 115 III)
    • Collects property tax (predial) and zoning

    Source: diputados.gob.mx ↗

  13. Sub-municipal Auxiliary boards, municipal agencies, commissariats, community presidencies Juntas auxiliares, agencias municipales, comisarías, presidencias de comunidad
    Members
    Varies by state
    How chosen
    Elected by residents, by state law or custom; Tlaxcala's presidencias de comunidad and Campeche's juntas municipales are on the 2027 ballot (437 such posts)
    Term
    Usually matches the ayuntamiento

    Powers

    • Delegated local services and representation of a town before its municipality

    Source: centralelectoral.ine.mx ↗

  14. Indigenous self-government Indigenous normative systems; communal governments Sistemas normativos indígenas (usos y costumbres); gobierno comunal
    Members
    418 municipalities in Oaxaca (IEEPCO catalogue 2024-2025); Cherán (Michoacán) governed by a Concejo Mayor since 2012
    How chosen
    Assemblies and customary procedures; recognised by art. 2 A III of the Constitution
    Term
    Set by each community's own rules

    Powers

    • Choose their own authorities and apply their own norms within the Constitution

    Source: ieepco.org.mx ↗

  15. Agrarian nuclei (root) Ejidos and agrarian communities Ejido / comunidad: asamblea, comisariado ejidal, consejo de vigilancia
    Members
    32,274 núcleos agrarios: 29,849 ejidos and 2,425 comunidades (RAN, 31 Dec 2025)
    How chosen
    The assembly of all ejidatarios is supreme; it elects the comisariado (president, secretary, treasurer) and the oversight council by secret ballot with parity (Ley Agraria arts. 22, 32, 37)
    Term
    Three years, then a gap of equal length before another post (art. 39)

    Powers

    • Collective land: about 51% of the national territory is social property
    • Assembly decides land use, admission of members and internal rules

    Source: diputados.gob.mx ↗

Who holds office · 4 November 2026

The Presidency, Congress,
the courts.

  • President Presidenta de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo Since 1 October 2024 · Morena Head of state and of government. Six-year term from 1 October; no one who has held the office may hold it again (CPEUM art. 83). Declared president-elect by the TEPJF on 14 August 2024.
  • President of the Senate Presidente de la Mesa Directiva del Senado de la República Higinio Martínez Miranda Since 1 September 2026 · Morena Elected on 31 August 2026 (116 of 117 votes) for the third and last year of the LXVI Legislature (September 2026 – August 2027); signed the 7 October 2026 decree as Senate president.
  • President of the Chamber of Deputies Presidente de la Mesa Directiva de la Cámara de Diputados Raúl Bolaños-Cacho Cué Since 1 September 2026 · PVEM Third year of the LXVI Legislature; the first PVEM member to preside over the Chamber. Received the President's second report on 1 September 2026.
  • Chair, Political Coordination Board (Chamber) Presidente de la Junta de Coordinación Política, Cámara de Diputados Ricardo Monreal Ávila Since 1 September 2024 · Morena Also coordinator of the Morena deputies. Start date is the opening of the LXVI Legislature (approximate).
  • Chair, Political Coordination Board (Senate) Presidente de la Junta de Coordinación Política, Senado Ignacio Mier Velazco Since 3 February 2026 · Morena Replaced Adán Augusto López Hernández as coordinator of the Morena senators and JUCOPO chair at the start of February 2026 (press reports; day approximate).
  • President of the Supreme Court Ministro Presidente de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación Hugo Aguilar Ortiz Since 1 September 2025 Most-voted candidate in the 1 June 2025 election (5,900,789 votes). The presidency rotates every two years by votes received (art. 94, as amended DOF 2 Jun 2026).
  • President of the National Electoral Institute Consejera Presidenta del Instituto Nacional Electoral Guadalupe Taddei Zavala Since 4 April 2023 Chosen by the Chamber of Deputies for nine years (art. 41 base V). The Consejo General has a president and ten councillors; three new councillors were chosen on 21 April 2026.
  • President of the Electoral Tribunal Magistrado Presidente de la Sala Superior del TEPJF Gilberto de Guzmán Bátiz García Since 1 November 2025 Elected magistrate in June 2025 (most votes, about 4.4 million); presides 1 November 2025 – 31 October 2027.
  • Attorney General Fiscal General de la República Ernestina Godoy Ramos Since 3 December 2025 Elected by the Senate (97 votes) for 2025–2034 after Alejandro Gertz Manero resigned on 27 November 2025.
  • Head of Government of Mexico City Jefa de Gobierno de la Ciudad de México Clara Brugada Molina Since 5 October 2024 · Morena Elected 2 June 2024 for six years; no re-election (art. 122 A III).

Photos: Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo — Bryan Berlin, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Rosa Icela Rodríguez Velázquez — Miguel Ángel, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Roberto Velasco Álvarez — Luis Cortes / European Union, CC BY 4.0 · Raymundo Pedro Morales Ángeles — EneasMx, CC BY 4.0 · Omar García Harfuch — EneasMx, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ignacio Mier Velazco — Mary Carmen Glez, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Ernestina Godoy Ramos — EneasMx, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Luisa María Alcalde Luján — ProtoplasmaKid, CC BY 4.0 · Clara Brugada Molina — EneasMx, CC BY-SA 4.0 . Others public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

Title III, chapter III · arts. 80–93

One President,
one sexenio.

The President is head of state and of government, elected by plurality in a single round (art. 81) and must be Mexican by birth and at least 35 (art. 82). The term, the sexenio, runs six years from 1 October (art. 83; it began on 1 December until 2018, and the 2018–2024 term was shortened to end on 30 September 2024).

Art. 89 lists the powers: to promulgate and carry out the laws; appoint and remove the secretaries of state; appoint ambassadors, consuls and senior officers with the Senate's ratification; command the armed forces and the National Guard; direct foreign policy and sign treaties for the Senate to approve; and pardon federal offenders. The President may veto bills (art. 72 C), may present two preferential bills at the start of each session that Congress must vote within 30 days (art. 71), and since 2014 may form a coalition government with other parties, whose cabinet the Senate then ratifies (art. 89 XVII).

en ningún caso y por ningún motivo podrá volver a desempeñar ese puesto — art. 83, on anyone who has held the office, whether elected, interim, substitute or provisional. CPEUM ↗

If the office falls vacant

  1. At once: the Secretary of the Interior (Gobernación) takes over provisionally, and may not change the cabinet without the Senate's leave (art. 84).
  2. Within 60 days, in the first two years: Congress, with two thirds of each chamber present, sits as an electoral college and names an interim president by secret absolute majority, then calls an election within seven to nine months for someone to finish the term.
  3. In the last four years: Congress names a substitute president who serves to the end of the term.
  4. If no president-elect is declared by 1 October: the outgoing President leaves and Congress names an interim; if the president-elect is absent, the President of the Senate takes over provisionally (art. 85).
  5. After a successful recall: the president of Congress takes over provisionally, and Congress names within 30 days who finishes the term (art. 84).

Interim and substitute presidents last served in 1928–1934; see History →

Art. 35 fr. IX · revocación de mandato

The recall vote
of 10 April 2022.

Added in 2019, the recall lets 3% of the electoral roll, spread over at least 17 states, ask for a vote on the President once in the three months after the third year of the term. The result binds only if at least 40% of the roll votes, and the President is removed by an absolute majority. Since DOF 2 June 2026 a recall vote is held with the ordinary elections in June of the term's fourth year, so the next possible date is 4 June 2028.

The first and only recall vote, on Andrés Manuel López Obrador, drew 16,502,636 votes, 17.78% of the roll of 92,823,216: below 40%, so it did not bind. 15,159,323 voted for him to stay and 1,063,209 for removal.

INE, acuerdo INE/CG202/2022; totals as reported by Expansión, 11 April 2022 (secondary).

Turnout 17.78% · 40% needed to bind

“Que siga” 91.86% · “Que se le revoque” 6.44% · rest null

The cabinet · secretarías de Estado

Secretaries
at the President's pleasure.

The secretariats are set by the Ley Orgánica de la Administración Pública Federal (art. 26). The President appoints and removes their heads freely, with two exceptions: the Chamber of Deputies ratifies the Secretary of Finance (art. 74 III) and the Senate the Secretary of Foreign Affairs (art. 76 II). If the President forms a coalition government, the Senate ratifies every secretary except Defence and the Navy. Hacienda's Edgar Amador Zamora was ratified on 12 March 2025 and the foreign secretary Roberto Velasco Álvarez on 8 April 2026. LOAPF ↗

  • Rosa Icela Rodríguez Velázquez Secretary of the Interior Secretaria de Gobernación
  • Edgar Amador Zamora Secretary of Finance Secretario de Hacienda y Crédito Público
  • Roberto Velasco Álvarez Secretary of Foreign Affairs Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores
  • Ricardo Trevilla Trejo Secretary of National Defence Secretario de la Defensa Nacional
  • Raymundo Pedro Morales Ángeles Secretary of the Navy Secretario de Marina
  • Omar García Harfuch Secretary of Security Secretario de Seguridad y Protección Ciudadana
  • Luisa María Alcalde Luján Legal Counsel to the President Consejera Jurídica del Ejecutivo Federal

Congress of the Union · Congreso de la Unión

Two chambers,
628 members.

Chamber of Deputies Cámara de Diputados Parliamentary groups on 5 November 2026 · 500 seats
  • Morena 254
  • PAN 69
  • PVEM 62
  • PT 49
  • PRI 36
  • MC 29
  • No group 1

Lines: half and two thirds. Source: Cámara de Diputados SITL ↗

Senate Senado de la República Parliamentary groups on 5 November 2026 · 128 seats
  • Morena 66
  • PAN 21
  • PVEM 14
  • PRI 13
  • MC 6
  • PT 6
  • No group 2

Lines: half and two thirds. Source: Wikipedia (secondary) ↗

Chamber of Deputies: 500 members for three years, 300 from single-member districts and 200 from closed regional lists in five constituencies, with a 3% threshold, a ceiling of 300 seats per party and an over-representation cap of eight points (arts. 52–54). How the 2024 allocation produced a two-thirds majority: Seats →

Senate: 128 members for six years: in each state and Mexico City two for the winning slate and one for the runner-up's first candidate (first minority), plus 32 from one national list (art. 56).

Sessions: Congress meets from 1 September to at most 15 December (31 December in the year a President takes office), and from 1 February to at most 30 April (arts. 65–66). Each chamber needs more than half its members present to sit (art. 63).

Permanent Commission (Comisión Permanente): in the recesses, 37 members, 19 deputies and 18 senators named by their chambers (art. 78). It can call extraordinary sessions, receives the President's requests for leave and counts the state legislatures' votes on constitutional amendments.

Mesa Directiva: each chamber's presiding board, elected for one year and re-electable. In the Chamber, a president, three vice-presidents and a secretary per group, elected by two thirds of those present (Ley Orgánica del Congreso, art. 17); in the Senate, a president, three vice-presidents and four secretaries, by absolute majority (art. 62). The board's president chairs the sittings and speaks for the chamber.

JUCOPO (Junta de Coordinación Política): the coordinators of the parliamentary groups, where agreements on the agenda, committees and budget are made. In the Chamber, the coordinator of a group with an absolute majority on its own chairs it for the whole legislature; otherwise the three largest rotate yearly (art. 31). In the Senate the majority group adds two members (art. 81). Ley Orgánica del Congreso ↗

The Chamber alone · art. 74

  • IIIRatify the President's appointment of the Secretary of Finance (unless there is a coalition government).
  • IVApprove the federal budget (Presupuesto de Egresos) each year, after examining the President's proposal.
  • VDecide whether criminal proceedings may go ahead against senior officials (declaración de procedencia), and bring impeachment (juicio político) charges.
  • VIReview the previous year's public accounts, through the Auditoría Superior de la Federación.
  • VIIApprove the National Development Plan.
  • VIIIAppoint, by two thirds of those present, the heads of the internal-control bodies of the autonomous bodies.

The Senate alone · art. 76

  • IAnalyse foreign policy and approve international treaties and conventions.
  • IIRatify the foreign secretary, ambassadors, consuls general, senior finance officials and the senior officers of the armed forces; and the whole cabinet if the President forms a coalition government.
  • IIIAuthorise national troops to leave the country and foreign troops to pass through it.
  • V–VIDeclare that all powers of a state have disappeared and appoint a provisional governor; settle political disputes between a state's powers.
  • VIISit as the court in impeachment (juicio político) cases.
  • VIIIGrant or refuse leave or resignation of federal judges and ministers (art. 98).
  • XIIIDraw up the shortlist for Attorney General, appoint the Attorney General and object to the President's removal of the office-holder.

Arts. 71–72 · proceso legislativo

How a bill
becomes law.

A bill passes the chamber where it starts and then the other; differences go back and forth under art. 72's rules. Pick what each chamber and the President do.

Chamber of origin
The other chamber
The President

    Art. 135 · reforma constitucional

    Changing the Constitution:
    two thirds, then 17 states.

    An amendment needs two thirds of the members present in each chamber, then the approval of a majority of the 32 legislatures (31 states and Mexico City). The Congress or the Permanent Commission counts them and declares it adopted. The Constitution has been amended 285 times since 1917, the last on 7 October 2026. Since DOF 31 October 2024, no amparo, constitutional controversy or action of unconstitutionality can be brought against an amendment (arts. 105, 107).

    From September 2024 Morena, the PVEM and the PT held two thirds of the Chamber and, with defections, of the Senate. They used it for the judicial reform of September 2024. On 11 March 2026 the President's electoral reform fell short when the PT and the PVEM voted against it; a narrower “Plan B” passed instead (DOF 23 April 2026). Set the groups below, or load those votes.

    Chamber of Deputies

    500 members · groups on 5 November 2026

    • Morena 254
    • PAN 69
    • PVEM 62
    • PT 49
    • PRI 36
    • MC 29
    • Without group 1

    Groups: Cámara de Diputados SITL ↗

    Senate

    128 members · groups on 5 November 2026

    • Morena 66
    • PAN 21
    • PVEM 14
    • PRI 13
    • MC 6
    • PT 6
    • Without group 2

    Groups: Wikipedia (secondary) ↗

    24 17 needed

    Judicial Branch of the Federation · arts. 94–107

    Elected judges,
    since 2025.

    The 2024 reform (DOF 15 September 2024) made every federal judge elected by popular vote. The Supreme Court (SCJN) went from eleven ministers to nine, sitting since 1 September 2025, with the presidency going to the most-voted. The Electoral Tribunal (TEPJF) decides federal election disputes and declares the President-elect. A five-member Judicial Discipline Tribunal and a Judicial Administration Body replaced the Council of the Federal Judiciary (art. 94, 100).

    The 2025 judicial election, its results and a practice ballot →

    • 9Supreme Court ministers, 12-year terms (the 2025 cohort 8 or 11)
    • 7Magistrates of the TEPJF's Sala Superior
    • 5Members of the Judicial Discipline Tribunal
    • 881Federal posts filled by vote on 1 June 2025

    Constitutionally autonomous bodies · órganos autónomos

    Outside the three branches,
    fewer since 2024.

    The decree of DOF 20 December 2024 on “simplificación orgánica” abolished the transparency and data-protection institute (INAI) and its state counterparts, the energy regulators CRE and CNH, the social-policy evaluator CONEVAL (art. 26 C repealed) and the education-improvement commission Mejoredu (art. 3 IX repealed), and ended the constitutional autonomy of the competition and telecommunications regulators (COFECE, IFT); their functions passed to bodies of the federal executive under the secondary laws. Chronology of reforms ↗

    Who runs elections

    Four authorities,
    federal and local.

    1. Organises

      INE

      Federal elections, the electoral roll and voter ID, districting, the preliminary count (PREP) and quick count, party audits; sets rules for local elections and can take them over (art. 41 V).

    2. Organises locally

      32 OPLEs

      Organismos Públicos Locales Electorales: one per state, whose councillors INE appoints; they run elections for governor, local congress and ayuntamientos (art. 116 IV c).

    3. Judges

      TEPJF and state tribunals

      The Electoral Tribunal's Sala Superior and regional chambers rule finally on federal disputes; each state has its own electoral tribunal, reviewable by the TEPJF (art. 99).

    4. Prosecutes

      FISEL

      The FGR's specialised prosecutor for electoral crimes (Fiscalía Especializada en materia de Delitos Electorales), under the Ley General en Materia de Delitos Electorales.

    Calendar and the poll-ban rules →

    Art. 116 · entidades federativas

    Thirty-one states
    and Mexico City.

    Each state has its own constitution, a governor elected for six years who can never serve again, a single-chamber congress elected by districts and lists with the same eight-point cap as the federal Chamber, and its own courts, whose judges are to be elected by 2028 at the latest (art. 116). The 32 legislatures have 1,123 seats in all. Seventeen governorships are on the ballot on 6 June 2027.

    Mexico City has been a federal entity with its own constitution since 2018 (art. 122): a Head of Government for six years, a congress of 66 for three, and 16 alcaldías, each with an elected mayor (alcalde) and a council (concejo), for three years. Clara Brugada Molina has led it since 5 October 2024.

    State Governor Party In office since Next election Congress Municipalities
    Aguascalientes María Teresa Jiménez Esquivel PAN 1 October 2022 6 June 2027 27 11
    Baja California Marina del Pilar Ávila Olmeda Morena 1 November 2021 6 June 2027 25 7
    Baja California Sur Víctor Manuel Castro Cosío Morena 10 September 2021 6 June 2027 21 5
    Campeche Layda Elena Sansores San Román Morena 16 September 2021 6 June 2027 35 13
    Coahuila de Zaragoza Manolo Jiménez Salinas PRI 1 December 2023 3 June 2029 25 38
    Colima Indira Vizcaíno Silva Morena 1 November 2021 6 June 2027 25 10
    Chiapas Óscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar Morena 8 December 2024 2 June 2030 40 124 (1 SNI)
    Chihuahua María Eugenia Campos Galván PAN 8 September 2021 6 June 2027 33 67
    Ciudad de México Clara Marina Brugada Molina Morena 5 October 2024 2 June 2030 66 16
    Durango Esteban Alejandro Villegas Villarreal PRI 15 September 2022 4 June 2028 25 39
    Guanajuato Libia Dennise García Muñoz Ledo PAN 26 September 2024 2 June 2030 36 46
    Guerrero Evelyn Cecia Salgado Pineda Morena 15 October 2021 6 June 2027 46 85 (1 SNI)
    Hidalgo Julio Ramón Menchaca Salazar Morena 5 September 2022 4 June 2028 30 84
    Jalisco Jesús Pablo Lemus Navarro MC 6 December 2024 2 June 2030 38 125
    México Delfina Gómez Álvarez Morena 16 September 2023 3 June 2029 75 125
    Michoacán de Ocampo Alfredo Ramírez Bedolla Morena 1 October 2021 6 June 2027 40 113 (1 SNI)
    Morelos Margarita González Saravia Calderón Morena 1 October 2024 2 June 2030 20 36
    Nayarit Miguel Ángel Navarro Quintero Morena 19 September 2021 6 June 2027 30 20
    Nuevo León Samuel Alejandro García Sepúlveda MC 4 October 2021 6 June 2027 42 51
    Oaxaca Salomón Jara Cruz Morena 1 December 2022 4 June 2028 42 570 (418 SNI)
    Puebla Alejandro Armenta Mier Morena 14 December 2024 2 June 2030 41 217
    Querétaro Mauricio Kuri González PAN 1 October 2021 6 June 2027 25 18
    Quintana Roo María Elena Hermelinda Lezama Espinosa Morena 25 September 2022 6 June 2027 25 11
    San Luis Potosí José Ricardo Gallardo Cardona PVEM 26 September 2021 6 June 2027 27 59
    Sinaloa Graciela Domínguez NavaInterim Morena 25 August 2026 6 June 2027 40 20
    Sonora Francisco Alfonso Durazo Montaño Morena 13 September 2021 6 June 2027 33 72
    Tabasco Javier May Rodríguez Morena 1 October 2024 2 June 2030 35 17
    Tamaulipas Américo Villarreal Anaya Morena 1 October 2022 4 June 2028 36 43
    Tlaxcala Lorena Cuéllar Cisneros Morena 31 August 2021 6 June 2027 25 60
    Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave Norma Rocío Nahle García Morena 1 December 2024 2 June 2030 50 212
    Yucatán Joaquín Jesús Díaz Mena Morena 1 October 2024 2 June 2030 35 106
    Zacatecas David Monreal Ávila Morena 12 September 2021 6 June 2027 30 58

    Governors: state government sites and Spanish Wikipedia's annex of governors (secondary), checked against news to November 2026. Congress seats: Senate directory via Wikipedia (secondary). Municipalities: INEGI. SNI: chosen by Indigenous normative systems. Sinaloa: interim governor named by the state congress on 25 August 2026.

    Photos: Víctor Manuel Castro Cosío — Senado de la República (Mexican Senate), Attribution · Layda Elena Sansores San Román — Secretaría de Cultura Ciudad de México, CC BY 2.0 · Manolo Jiménez Salinas — Manolo Jiménez Salinas, CC BY-SA 2.0 · Indira Vizcaíno Silva — EneasMx, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Óscar Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar — Original: Instituto de Profesionalización Derivative work: AntoFran, CC BY-SA 4.0 · María Eugenia Campos Galván — Gobierno Municipal de Chihuahua., CC BY-SA 3.0 es · Clara Marina Brugada Molina — EneasMx, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Libia Dennise García Muñoz Ledo — Danielhdzlu, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Julio Ramón Menchaca Salazar — Desde Abajo, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Jesús Pablo Lemus Navarro — ComunicaciónJalisco, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Delfina Gómez Álvarez — EneasMx, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Alfredo Ramírez Bedolla — Gabomiranda, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Miguel Ángel Navarro Quintero — Cristian9076, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Salomón Jara Cruz — Israel.rosas83, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Francisco Alfonso Durazo Montaño — Bernyxj7, CC BY-SA 4.0 · Norma Rocío Nahle García — Senado de la República (Mexican Senate), Attribution · Joaquín Jesús Díaz Mena — Ralvachi, CC BY-SA 4.0 · David Monreal Ávila — Yorjoss300, CC BY-SA 4.0 . Others public domain. Via Wikimedia Commons.

    Art. 115 · el municipio libre

    2,462 municipalities,
    one ayuntamiento each.

    Each municipality is governed by an ayuntamiento elected directly: a municipal president (presidente municipal), one or more síndicos who look after its legal and financial interests, and regidores, the councillors, some of them by proportional representation under state law. Terms are three years in most states, set by each state constitution.

    The ayuntamiento provides water and drainage, street lighting, waste collection, markets, cemeteries, streets, parks and municipal police, sets zoning, and collects the property tax (predial) (art. 115 III–IV). The number per state ranges from 570 in Oaxaca to 5 in Baja California Sur.

    Re-election. Absent from 1933, consecutive re-election of mayors, síndicos and regidores for one more term was allowed by the 2014 reform. The reform of DOF 1 April 2025 bans it again from the 2030 elections; 2027 is the last time sitting officers can run for the same post.

    Plan B. The amendment of DOF 23 April 2026 limits every ayuntamiento to one municipal president, one sindicatura and at most 15 regidurías from each municipality's next term (art. 115 I). DOF 23 April 2026 ↗

    Below the municipality, towns elect their own officers under state law or custom: agencias municipales in Oaxaca, juntas auxiliares in Puebla, presidencias de comunidad in Tlaxcala, juntas municipales in Campeche and comisarías elsewhere; 437 such posts are on the 2027 ballot.

    Art. 2 · sistemas normativos indígenas

    Self-government
    by assembly.

    Art. 2 recognises Indigenous peoples' right to choose their authorities by their own norms, procedures and practices (usos y costumbres), with women and men taking part equally. In Oaxaca, 418 of the state's 570 municipalities choose their ayuntamientos this way, with no party ballots: in community assemblies or by procedures each community sets, on its own dates and for its own terms. The state electoral institute (IEEPCO) keeps the catalogue and certifies the results.

    Elsewhere single municipalities have moved to self-government after court cases or referendums: Cherán in Michoacán, governed since 2012 by a Concejo Mayor of elders chosen by its neighbourhoods; Ayutla de los Libres in Guerrero (2018); Oxchuc in Chiapas (2019).

    Oaxaca's 570 municipalities · filled: chosen by Indigenous normative systems (IEEPCO catalogue 2025)

    IEEPCO — Catálogo de municipios sujetos al régimen de Sistemas Normativos Indígenas ↗

    The root · Ley Agraria arts. 21–41

    Ejidos and
    agrarian communities.

    About half of Mexico's land is social property, held by 32,274 agrarian nuclei registered with the Registro Agrario Nacional at the end of 2025: 29,849 ejidos, created by land grants after the Revolution, and 2,425 comunidades, lands held in common whose titles were recognised or restored.

    The asamblea of all members is the supreme body: it decides on land use, admits members and sets internal rules. It elects by secret ballot the comisariado ejidal (a president, a secretary and a treasurer, who carry out its decisions and represent the ejido) and a consejo de vigilancia that oversees them, for three years, after which they must wait as long before another post (arts. 22–39).

    • 32,274agrarian nuclei (RAN, 31 Dec 2025)
    • 3 yearsterm of the comisariado and consejo de vigilancia
    • ≈51%of national territory is social property