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✶ History · 1917–2026

One party, then
alternation.

The Constitution of 5 February 1917 still governs Mexico. From 1929 to 2000 every president came from one party, founded as the PNR and known since 1946 as the PRI. Opposition seats in Congress were introduced by reform, step by step, until the PRI lost the Chamber in 1997, the presidency in 2000, and a new party, Morena, won both in 2018.

5 February 1917 · Querétaro

A revolutionary
constitution.

Drafted by a congress called by Venustiano Carranza at the end of the armed phase of the Revolution, the Constitution kept the 1857 federal structure and added social rights: secular public education (art. 3), national ownership of land, water and subsoil, with the basis for land reform and the ejido (art. 27), and labour rights (art. 123). It has been amended 285 times.

Its electoral rules have been rewritten more than its structure. The bodies that run elections moved from the Interior Ministry (1946) to an autonomous IFE (1996) and the INE (2014); the Chamber grew from about 150 seats to 500; the Senate from 64 to 128; women gained the federal vote in 1953; and judges have been elected since 2025. Chronology of reforms ↗

The thread · no reelección

Never again,
since 1910.

  1. 1910

    “Sufragio efectivo. No reelección”

    Francisco I. Madero's Plan de San Luis calls the revolt against Porfirio Díaz, president for most of the years since 1876. The phrase became the customary closing line of official correspondence.

  2. 1917

    Art. 83, original text

    The President serves four years and can never be re-elected.

  3. 1927–1928

    A pause

    Amendments allow one non-consecutive re-election and extend the term to six years. Álvaro Obregón is elected again on 1 July 1928 and assassinated on 17 July, before taking office.

  4. 1933

    The absolute ban

    DOF 29 April 1933: no one who has held the presidency in any capacity may hold it again; deputies, senators and municipal officers may not serve consecutive terms.

  5. 2014

    Legislators and mayors may run again

    DOF 10 February 2014: deputies up to four consecutive terms, senators two, municipal officers one, from the 2018 elections.

  6. 2025

    Banned again from 2030

    DOF 1 April 2025: no consecutive re-election for any elected office from the 2030 elections, and no immediate succession by relatives (electoral nepotism).

Sources: CPEUM art. 83 and its reform notes; DOF 10 February 2014 and 1 April 2025 (decree ↗); 1910 and 1927–28: secondary.

PNR 1929 · PRM 1938 · PRI 1946

Seventy-one years
of one party.

After the assassination of president-elect Obregón, Plutarco Elías Calles gathered the revolutionary factions into the Partido Nacional Revolucionario in March 1929. Lázaro Cárdenas rebuilt it in 1938 as the Partido de la Revolución Mexicana, organised in workers', peasants', popular and military sectors; in 1946 it became the Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Its candidates won every presidential election from 1929 to 1994, and it held the presidency through 14 presidents, from Emilio Portes Gil (December 1928) to Ernesto Zedillo, who left office on 30 November 2000.

Each President chose his party's successor, a practice known as the dedazo (secondary), and the Interior Ministry ran the elections until 1990. Opposition parties won seats mostly through the reforms of 1963 (party deputies), 1977 (proportional seats) and 1986–1996, each of which widened the share of the Chamber not won in districts.

Congress by legislature · tap a bar

Seats by party,
1946 to 2024.

The PRI's share of the Chamber stayed above 80% until the 1977 reform, fell below half in 1997, and was 7% in 2024.

0% 25% 50% ⅔ 75% 100% 1946 1955 1964 1973 1982 1991 2000 2009 2018 2024 1 2 3 4 5 6
  1. 1 1964: Party deputies (1963 reform)
  2. 2 1979: 400 seats, 100 PR (LOPPE 1977)
  3. 3 1988: 500 seats
  4. 4 1997: PRI loses its majority
  5. 5 2018: Morena
  6. 6 2024: Two-thirds coalition

LXVI Legislature · elected 2024

500 seats · largest Morena · source: INE / IFE

  • Morena 236 47.2%
  • PVEM 77 15.4%
  • PAN 72 14.4%
  • PT 51 10.2%
  • PRI 35 7.0%
  • MC 27 5.4%
  • PRD 1 0.2%
  • Independent 1 0.2%

INE allocation of 23 August 2024, upheld by the TEPJF on 28 August: Morena, PVEM and PT 364 seats (72.8%) with about 54% of the vote. Groups at installation: Cámara bulletin 0001, 29 August 2024.

  • PRI
  • Other / not broken down
  • PPS
  • PARM
  • PAN
  • PST
  • PCM
  • PDM
  • PSUM
  • PMT
  • PRT
  • PFCRN
  • PMS
  • PRD
  • PT
  • PVEM
  • PSN
  • PAS
  • MC
  • PANAL
  • PASC
  • Morena
  • PES
  • Independent
  • FDN
  • PRI share of seats

Seats as allocated at the start of each legislature, by nominating party. 1946–1961: Cámara de Diputados totals and PRI seats only, the opposition not broken down. Each bar names its source kind; “secondary” rows come from Wikipedia's election articles.

Presidents · 23 under the 1917 Constitution

Sexenios,
in party colours.

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Venustiano Carranza (PLC), 1917–1920 Adolfo de la Huerta (PLC), 1920–1920 Álvaro Obregón (PLC), 1920–1924 Plutarco Elías Calles (PLM), 1924–1928 Emilio Portes Gil (PNR), 1928–1930 Pascual Ortiz Rubio (PNR), 1930–1932 Abelardo L. Rodríguez (PNR), 1932–1934 Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (PNR), 1934–1940 Manuel Ávila Camacho (PRM), 1940–1946 Miguel Alemán Valdés (PRI), 1946–1952 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (PRI), 1952–1958 Adolfo López Mateos (PRI), 1958–1964 Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (PRI), 1964–1970 Luis Echeverría Álvarez (PRI), 1970–1976 José López Portillo (PRI), 1976–1982 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (PRI), 1982–1988 Carlos Salinas de Gortari (PRI), 1988–1994 Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (PRI), 1994–2000 Vicente Fox Quesada (PAN), 2000–2006 Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (PAN), 2006–2012 Enrique Peña Nieto (PRI), 2012–2018 Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Morena), 2018–2024 Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo (Morena), 2024–2030
  • PLC
  • PLM
  • PNR
  • PRM
  • PRI
  • PAN
  • Morena
  • Interim, substitute or provisional
  1. 1917–1920 Venustiano Carranza PLC Elected 97.17%
  2. 1920–1920 Adolfo de la Huerta PLC Substitute (named by Congress)
  3. 1920–1924 Álvaro Obregón PLC Elected 95.79%
  4. 1924–1928 Plutarco Elías Calles PLM Elected 84.14%
  5. 1928–1930 Emilio Portes Gil PNR Interim (named by Congress)
  6. 1930–1932 Pascual Ortiz Rubio PNR Elected 93.55%
  7. 1932–1934 Abelardo L. Rodríguez PNR Substitute (named by Congress)
  8. 1934–1940 Lázaro Cárdenas del Río PNR Elected 98.19%
  9. 1940–1946 Manuel Ávila Camacho PRM Elected 93.90%
  10. 1946–1952 Miguel Alemán Valdés PRI Elected 77.87%
  11. 1952–1958 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines PRI Elected 74.31%
  12. 1958–1964 Adolfo López Mateos PRI Elected 90.44%
  13. 1964–1970 Gustavo Díaz Ordaz PRI Elected 88.82%
  14. 1970–1976 Luis Echeverría Álvarez PRI Elected 86.02%
  15. 1976–1982 José López Portillo PRI Elected 98.18%
  16. 1982–1988 Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado PRI Elected 74.31%
  17. 1988–1994 Carlos Salinas de Gortari PRI Elected 50.71%
  18. 1994–2000 Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León PRI Elected 48.69%
  19. 2000–2006 Vicente Fox Quesada PAN Elected 42.52%
  20. 2006–2012 Felipe Calderón Hinojosa PAN Elected 35.89%
  21. 2012–2018 Enrique Peña Nieto PRI Elected 38.21%
  22. 2018–2024 Andrés Manuel López Obrador Morena Elected 53.19%
  23. 2024–2030 (term) Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo Morena Elected 59.76%

Vote share: INE's convention (share of all votes cast) from 1994; earlier, share of valid votes from Nohlen's tables, as transcribed in Wikipedia (secondary). Before 1934 the term was four years; six since. The line marks today.

In three dimensions

Six years
at a time.

Drag to turn · arrow keys when focused · hover or tap a sector

19 presidencies, 17 six-year terms

One sector per president, 1 December 1928 to 30 September 2030 · width = time in office · height = official vote share (share of valid votes before 1994, of all votes cast from 1994; INE) · the ring stays open after 2030

  • PNR · PRM · PRI · 1928–2000, 2012–18
  • PAN · 2000–12
  • Morena · 2018–30
  • Named by Congress, not elected: Emilio Portes Gil (interim, 1928–1930); Abelardo L. Rodríguez (substitute, 1932–1934)

The six-year term dates from the reform of article 83 published on 24 January 1928; the ban on any re-election of a president has been absolute since the reform of 29 April 1933 (Sufragio efectivo. No reelección.). The 2014 reform moved the handover to 1 October from 2024, so the 2018–24 term ran five years and ten months.

Presidential elections · 21

Every presidential
result.

Year Winner Share Runner-up Share Turnout Source
2024 Claudia Sheinbaum Morena 59.76% Xóchitl Gálvez PAN 27.45% 61.1% INE / IFE
2018 Andrés Manuel López Obrador Morena 53.19% Ricardo Anaya PAN 22.28% 63.4% INE / IFE
2012 Enrique Peña Nieto PRI 38.21% Andrés Manuel López Obrador PRD 31.61% 63.1% INE / IFE
2006 Felipe Calderón PAN 35.89% Andrés Manuel López Obrador PRD 35.31% 58.6% INE / IFE
2000 Vicente Fox PAN 42.52% Francisco Labastida PRI 36.11% 64.0% INE / IFE
1994 Ernesto Zedillo PRI 48.69% Diego Fernández de Cevallos PAN 25.92% 77.2% INE / IFE
1988 Carlos Salinas de Gortari PRI 48.93% Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas FDN 29.95% 52.0% Secondary
1982 Miguel de la Madrid PRI 70.99% Pablo Emilio Madero PAN 15.68% 74.8% Secondary
1976 José López Portillo PRI 98.18% — — ≈64.6% Secondary
1970 Luis Echeverría PRI 86.02% Efraín González Morfín PAN 13.98% ≈64.3% Secondary
1964 Gustavo Díaz Ordaz PRI 88.82% José González Torres PAN 10.98% ≈69.3% Secondary
1958 Adolfo López Mateos PRI 90.44% Luis H. Álvarez PAN 9.42% ≈71.7% Secondary
1952 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines PRI 74.31% Miguel Henríquez Guzmán 15.88% ≈74.2% Secondary
1946 Miguel Alemán Valdés PRI 77.87% Ezequiel Padilla 19.32% ≈89.7% Secondary
1940 Manuel Ávila Camacho PRM 93.90% Juan Andreu Almazán 5.73% — Secondary
1934 Lázaro Cárdenas PNR 98.19% Antonio I. Villarreal 1.08% — Secondary
1929 Pascual Ortiz Rubio PNR 93.55% José Vasconcelos 5.33% — Secondary
1928 Álvaro Obregón PLM 100.00% — — — Secondary
1924 Plutarco Elías Calles PLM 84.14% Ángel Flores 15.85% — Secondary
1920 Álvaro Obregón PLC 95.79% Alfredo Robles Domínguez 4.02% — Secondary
1917 Venustiano Carranza PLC 97.17% Pablo González Garza 1.42% — Secondary

Shares: INE convention (all votes cast, null included) where available, from 1982; earlier, share of valid votes. Before 1982 null votes were not reported and turnout is approximate. 1917–1988: Nohlen, Elections in the Americas (2005), via Wikipedia (secondary); 1994–2024: IFE/INE cómputos.

Turning points · 28

From the PNR
to Plan B.

  1. 4 March 1929

    The PNR is founded

    After the assassination of president-elect Álvaro Obregón, Plutarco Elías Calles called the revolutionary factions to a convention in Querétaro (1–4 March 1929) that founded the Partido Nacional Revolucionario. It gathered regional parties and military leaders into one organisation and nominated every president for the next 71 years under its successive names.

    Secondary INE; Integralia (2026) party chronology ↗

  2. 30 March 1938

    PNR becomes the PRM

    Lázaro Cárdenas reorganised the party as the Partido de la Revolución Mexicana, built on four sectors — workers, peasants, the popular sector and the military — through which unions and agrarian organisations were incorporated into the party.

    Secondary Wikipedia (secondary) ↗

  3. 18 January 1946

    PRM becomes the PRI

    The party took its present name, Partido Revolucionario Institucional, dropping the military sector. The same month a new Federal Electoral Law placed the organisation of elections under a federal commission controlled by the executive.

    Secondary Wikipedia (secondary) ↗

  4. 17 October 1953

    Women gain the federal vote

    An amendment to article 34 of the Constitution, published in the DOF on 17 October 1953, gave women the right to vote and stand in federal elections (they had voted in municipal elections since 1947). Women first voted in a federal election on 3 July 1955.

    Official DOF 17 October 1953 (Cámara de Diputados chronology) ↗

  5. 22 June 1963

    Party deputies

    A reform of article 54 created diputados de partido: a registered party with at least 2.5% of the national vote received five seats plus one for each further 0.5%, up to 20, minus the districts it had won. It gave the opposition a guaranteed presence in the Chamber from 1964 while the PRI kept the districts.

    Official DOF 22 June 1963 ↗

  6. 2 October 1968

    Tlatelolco

    Troops and security forces opened fire on a student rally in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Mexico City ten days before the Olympic Games. The number of dead has never been officially established. The events became a reference point for later demands for political opening.

    Secondary Wikipedia (secondary) ↗

  7. 6 December 1977

    Political reform and the LOPPE

    After the 1976 election, in which José López Portillo was the only registered candidate, Interior Secretary Jesús Reyes Heroles led a reform that enlarged the Chamber to 400 (300 districts and 100 proportional seats for minority parties) and, through the Ley Federal de Organizaciones Políticas y Procesos Electorales (DOF 30 December 1977), allowed the Communist Party and others to register.

    Official DOF 6 December 1977; LOPPE DOF 30 December 1977 ↗

  8. 6 July 1988

    The 1988 count

    On election night the results system stopped reporting (the 'caída del sistema'). Carlos Salinas de Gortari was declared the winner with just over half the vote against Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, who had left the PRI and led a front of smaller parties, and Manuel Clouthier (PAN); both contested the result. The ballots were later burned by agreement of Congress in 1991.

    Secondary Wikipedia (secondary) ↗

  9. 11 October 1990

    The IFE

    A constitutional reform (DOF 6 April 1990) and the new Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (COFIPE, DOF 15 August 1990) created the Instituto Federal Electoral, installed on 11 October 1990, with a new voter register and a photo voter card. Its General Council was still chaired by the Interior Secretary.

    Official DOF 6 April 1990; COFIPE DOF 15 August 1990 ↗

  10. 21 August 1994

    1994

    The Zapatista uprising in Chiapas (1 January) and the assassination of PRI candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio (23 March) preceded the election. A reform in April introduced citizen councillors on the IFE's council. Ernesto Zedillo won with 48.7% on a turnout of 77%, the highest of any presidential election organised by the IFE or INE.

    INE / IFE IFE cómputo 1994 ↗

  11. 22 August 1996

    The 1996 reform: an autonomous IFE

    Agreed by all main parties, the reform removed the executive from the IFE (its council became nine citizen councillors), moved the Electoral Tribunal into the federal judiciary, capped any party at 300 deputies and at 8 points of over-representation, raised the threshold to 2%, added 32 proportional Senate seats and made Mexico City's head of government elective.

    Official DOF 22 August 1996 ↗

  12. 6 July 1997

    The PRI loses the Chamber

    For the first time the PRI fell short of a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (239 of 500), and Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas (PRD) was elected the first head of government of the Federal District.

    Secondary Cámara de Diputados, composición histórica ↗

  13. 2 July 2000

    Alternation: Vicente Fox

    Vicente Fox (PAN, with the PVEM) won the presidency with 42.5%, ending 71 years of government by the PRI and its predecessors. President Zedillo recognised the result on election night.

    INE / IFE IFE cómputo 2000 ↗

  14. 2 July 2006

    A 0.56-point election

    Felipe Calderón (PAN) finished 243,934 votes ahead of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (PRD-PT-Convergencia). López Obrador demanded a full recount; the Electoral Tribunal ordered a partial one and declared Calderón president-elect on 5 September 2006.

    Official TEPJF dictamen, 5 September 2006 ↗

  15. 13 November 2007

    The 2007 reform: broadcast time

    Parties and third parties were barred from buying radio and television time; campaign advertising runs only in state time allocated by the IFE. Campaigns were shortened and the IFE's councillors were replaced in stages.

    Official DOF 13 November 2007 ↗

  16. 1 July 2012

    The PRI returns

    Enrique Peña Nieto (PRI-PVEM) won with 38.2%. The campaign saw the #YoSoy132 student movement. The same year a reform (DOF 9 August 2012) allowed independent candidates and citizen-initiated legislation.

    INE / IFE IFE cómputo 2012; DOF 9 August 2012 ↗

  17. 10 February 2014

    The 2014 reform: the INE

    The IFE was replaced by the Instituto Nacional Electoral (installed 4 April 2014), which also appoints the state electoral bodies (OPLEs). The reform allowed consecutive re-election of legislators (deputies up to four terms, senators two) and mayors from 2018, required parity in legislative candidacies, raised the threshold to 3% and moved the presidential inauguration to 1 October from 2024.

    Official DOF 10 February 2014; LGIPE DOF 23 May 2014 ↗

  18. 1 July 2018

    López Obrador and Morena

    Andrés Manuel López Obrador (Morena-PT-PES) won with 53.2%, the first absolute majority since 1988, and his coalition won majorities in both chambers. Morena, registered only in 2014, became the largest party.

    INE / IFE INE cómputo 2018 ↗

  19. 6 June 2019

    Parity in everything

    The 'paridad en todo' reform required gender parity across all three branches and all levels of government, including cabinets, municipal councils and the bodies that run elections. In December 2019 (DOF 20 December) the Constitution added the consulta popular rules and the presidential recall (revocación de mandato).

    Official DOF 6 June 2019; DOF 20 December 2019 ↗

  20. 1 August 2021

    First consulta popular

    The first national consulta popular asked whether to investigate past political actors. 97.7% voted yes but turnout was 7.1%, far below the 40% needed for the result to be binding.

    INE / IFE INE cómputo, consulta popular 2021 ↗

  21. 10 April 2022

    Recall vote

    In the first revocación de mandato, 91.9% voted for López Obrador to continue; turnout was 17.8%, below the 40% threshold for a binding result.

    INE / IFE INE cómputo, revocación de mandato 2022 ↗

  22. 2 June 2024

    Sheinbaum and the supermajority

    Claudia Sheinbaum won the presidency with 59.8%, the first woman to do so. In the proportional allocation the INE counted each coalition party separately for the 8-point cap, giving Morena, the PVEM and the PT 364 of 500 deputies (72.8%) on about 54% of the vote; the opposition argued the cap should apply to the coalition as a whole. The Electoral Tribunal upheld the allocation on 28 August 2024.

    INE / IFE INE allocation 23 August 2024 (press report) ↗

  23. 15 September 2024

    Judicial reform

    A constitutional reform passed with the new supermajority made federal judges, magistrates and Supreme Court justices elected by popular vote, reduced the Supreme Court from 11 to 9 members and created a Judicial Discipline Tribunal.

    Official DOF 15 September 2024 ↗

  24. 1 April 2025

    No re-election and no nepotism, from 2030

    A reform ended consecutive re-election for legislators and mayors and barred relatives of an office-holder from succeeding them; both apply from the 2030 elections, not 2027 as the president had proposed.

    Official DOF 1 April 2025 ↗

  25. 1 June 2025

    First judicial election

    Voters chose 881 federal judicial posts, including the nine Supreme Court justices, from lists of candidates nominated by the three branches, with no party labels. The INE's quick estimate put turnout at 12.6–13.3%.

    INE / IFE INE estimate, 1 June 2025 (press report) ↗

  26. 23 April 2026

    The 2026 electoral reform: 'Plan B'

    President Sheinbaum's constitutional electoral reform (cuts to proportional seats, ending the Senate's national list, about 25% less public funding) was rejected by the Chamber on 11 March 2026 (259 for, 234 against; two-thirds needed) after the PT and PVEM voted against. A narrower 'Plan B' passed instead (DOF 23 April 2026): at most 15 regidurías per municipal council, state congress budgets capped at 0.7% of the state budget, electoral councillors and magistrates paid no more than the president, and a 15% real cut to the Senate budget over four years.

    Official DOF 23 April 2026 (vespertina) ↗

  27. 2 June 2026

    Judicial election moved to 2028; new nullity ground

    Decrees published on 2 June 2026 postponed the second judicial election from 2027 to the first Sunday of June 2028, extended the terms of the Electoral Tribunal's Sala Superior, added foreign interference as a ground for annulling an election (article 41), and created an INE commission to vet candidates for links to organised crime before 2027.

    Official DOF 2 June 2026 (press report) ↗

  28. 25 June 2026

    Two new national parties

    The INE granted national registry to Somos México (renamed SOMOS in September) and the Partido PAZ, effective 1 July 2026, bringing the number of national parties to eight for the 2027 midterms.

    Secondary INE resolutions INE/CG344/2026, INE/CG347/2026 (press report) ↗

Rule changes · 21

How the rules
were rewritten.

Year Instrument What changed Chamber Threshold Authority Source
1946 Ley Electoral Federal Federal Electoral Surveillance Commission (chaired by the Interior Secretary) runs federal elections; parties must register nationally. Comisión Federal de Vigilancia Electoral Ley Electoral Federal, January 1946 (secondary)
1953 Constitution art. 34 Women vote and stand in federal elections. DOF ↗
1963 Constitution art. 54 Diputados de partido: 5 seats at 2.5% of the vote, +1 per 0.5%, up to 20. 2.5% DOF ↗
1969 Constitution art. 34 Voting age lowered to 18. DOF ↗
1972 Constitution art. 54 Party-deputy threshold lowered to 1.5%, up to 25 seats. 1.5% DOF ↗
1977 Constitution arts. 41, 52–54; LOPPE Chamber of 400: 300 districts + 100 PR seats for minority parties; conditional registration of new parties. 400 (300 MR + 100 PR) 1.5% Comisión Federal Electoral DOF ↗
1986 Constitution arts. 52–54; Código Federal Electoral (1987) Chamber of 500 with 200 PR seats; 'governability clause' guaranteeing the largest party a majority; Senate renewed by halves. 500 (300 MR + 200 PR) DOF ↗
1990 Constitution art. 41; COFIPE Creation of the IFE and the Federal Electoral Tribunal; new voter register and photo ID. IFE (chaired by the Interior Secretary) DOF ↗
1993 Constitution arts. 41, 54, 56, 60 Senate of 128 (four per state: three majority, one first minority); governability clause removed; Congress no longer certifies its own election. DOF ↗
1994 Constitution art. 41 Citizen councillors form the majority on the IFE General Council. IFE with citizen councillors DOF ↗
1996 Constitution arts. 41, 54, 56, 99, 122 IFE fully autonomous; TEPJF in the judiciary; Senate gains 32 national PR seats; elected head of government for Mexico City. 2% Autonomous IFE; TEPJF DOF ↗
2007 Constitution arts. 41, 99, 134 Ban on buying broadcast time; IFE administers state airtime; shorter campaigns. DOF ↗
2012 Constitution art. 35 Independent candidacies, citizen initiatives and consulta popular. DOF ↗
2014 Constitution arts. 41, 59, 115, 116; LGIPE (DOF 23 May 2014) IFE becomes INE, appoints the state OPLEs; consecutive re-election for legislators and mayors; parity in legislative candidacies; inauguration moved to 1 October. Re-election: Deputies up to 4 consecutive terms, senators 2, from 2018 Parity: 50% of legislative candidacies 3% INE + 32 OPLEs DOF ↗
2019 Constitution arts. 2, 4, 35, 41, 52, 53, 56, 94, 115 Parity in all public offices and in PR lists by circumscription. Parity: All branches and levels ('paridad en todo') DOF ↗
2019 Constitution arts. 35, 36, 81, 84 Presidential recall (revocación de mandato) and revised consulta popular. DOF ↗
2024 Constitution arts. 94–100 and others Election of federal judges and Supreme Court justices by popular vote; Court reduced to 9. DOF ↗
2025 Constitution arts. 55, 59, 82, 115, 116, 122 No consecutive re-election and no succession by relatives, from the 2030 elections. Re-election: Ends from 2030 DOF ↗
2026 Constitution arts. 115, 116, 134 ('Plan B') Max. 15 regidurías per council; state congress budgets ≤ 0.7% of state budget; pay cap for electoral officials; Senate budget cut. DOF ↗
2026 Constitution arts. 35, 41, 94, 96, 98, 100, 116, 122 and 2024 transitories; LGIPE Judicial election moved to June 2028; foreign interference as nullity ground; INE candidate-vetting commission. DOF ↗
2026 Constitution arts. 82, 116, 122 The President, governors and Mexico City's head of government must hold Mexican nationality only (no other nationality, no use of a foreign passport). DOF ↗

Source kinds on this page: INE / IFE official electoral results; Official the Diario Oficial, the Constitution or the Cámara de Diputados; Secondary Wikipedia, Nohlen or press.