Código Eleitoral arts. 106–112 · Constitution arts. 45–46, 77
Votes for people,
seats for lists.
Brazilians elect their 513 federal deputies by typing a candidate's number, but seats are first shared among lists, state by state, and only then handed to each list's most-voted candidates. In 2026, 385 seats were filled by the quociente partidário and 128 as leftovers. Pick any state below to see every step on the TSE's real figures, then change the rules.
Seat lab · 4 Oct 2026 · TSE totalisation
Every seat,
in order.
Seats in the order they were filled
- Quociente partidário
- Leftovers, 80% / 20% stage
- Leftovers, all lists
- Art. 111, most voted
| List | Votes | × QE | QP | QP filled | Leftovers | Seats | vs 2026 |
|---|
Leftover seats, step by step
Elected under these rules
Vote pullers in this state · puxadores de voto
Elected candidates with at least one full quotient of personal votes, and how many list-mates their votes carried: the same 2026 rules run again without them.
Lists are parties running alone or federations running as one (Lei 14.208/2021). Votes are nominal plus party-label (legenda) votes. “2026 · law” reproduces every seat and every name the TSE declared, in all 27 states for both the Chamber and the assemblies (tested). The 2018 and pre-2015 rule sets keep the 2026 lists: they ignore the coalitions those elections allowed.
The rule · art. 106 to 109
Quotient first,
averages after.
- Quociente eleitoral (QE) = valid votes (nominal + party-label) ÷ seats, rounded half down (art. 106).
- Quociente partidário = a list's valid votes ÷ QE, fraction dropped (art. 107): that many of its candidates with at least 10% of the QE are elected, in order of personal votes (art. 108).
- Leftover seats (sobras), by largest average (votes ÷ seats won + 1), open to lists with at least 80% of the QE and candidates with at least 20% of it (art. 109 I and §2).
- When no list has both, the remaining seats go by largest average to every list that ran: the STF struck down the 80%/20% limit for this last stage (ADIs 7228, 7263 and 7325, judged February 2024, applied from the 2022 election on embargos in 2025). Art. 111 (most-voted candidates elected if no list reaches the QE) was also struck down.
- Ties go to the older candidate (art. 110). Substitutes (suplentes) are the list's next most-voted, with no minimum (art. 112).
- Quociente eleitoral
- 338.203
- 10% of it · QP seat
- 33.821
- 20% · leftover seat
- 67.641
- 80% · list may compete
- 270.563
| List | Votes | ÷ QE | QP seats | Leftovers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PL | 6.429.497 | 19,01 | 19 | 0 |
| PSOL–Rede | 3.060.751 | 9,05 | 6 | 0 |
| FE Brasil | 2.843.542 | 8,41 | 8 | 3 |
| PODE | 1.913.048 | 5,66 | 5 | 1 |
Nationally, 385 of 513 seats went by quotient, 128 in the 80% / 20% stage and 0 in the final stage open to every list (0 states reached it). In the 27 state legislatures, 902 of 1.059 seats went by quotient.
Same votes, six rule books · Chamber, all 27 states
What the reforms
changed.
Each column reruns all 27 states on the 2026 votes. The STF's 2024 reading of the leftover rule (open the last stage to every list) and the reading the TSE applied in 2022 give the same Chamber this time. Removing the 80% / 20% stage moves 18 seats; going back to the rules before 2015, when only lists that reached the quotient shared the leftovers, moves 35.
| Party | 2026 · law as read by the STF | 2022 · as first counted | No 80/20 stage | 2018 · 10% floor | Before 2015 | Pure D'Hondt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PL | 121 | 121 | 128 +7 | 126 +5 | 130 +9 | 128 +7 |
| PT | 70 | 70 | 67 −3 | 67 −3 | 67 −3 | 67 −3 |
| UNIÃO | 46 | 46 | 43 −3 | 45 −1 | 48 +2 | 43 −3 |
| PSD | 43 | 43 | 41 −2 | 41 −2 | 43 | 41 −2 |
| PP | 41 | 41 | 41 | 41 | 42 +1 | 41 |
| REPUBLICANOS | 41 | 41 | 38 −3 | 39 −2 | 33 −8 | 38 −3 |
| MDB | 36 | 36 | 34 −2 | 35 −1 | 38 +2 | 34 −2 |
| PODE | 27 | 27 | 26 −1 | 26 −1 | 25 −2 | 26 −1 |
| PSB | 15 | 15 | 16 +1 | 16 +1 | 17 +2 | 16 +1 |
| PSOL | 14 | 14 | 18 +4 | 15 +1 | 18 +4 | 18 +4 |
| PC do B | 11 | 11 | 10 −1 | 10 −1 | 10 −1 | 10 −1 |
| PSDB | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 8 −3 | 11 |
| NOVO | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 +1 | 8 −2 | 10 |
| PV | 7 | 7 | 6 −1 | 7 | 7 | 6 −1 |
| PDT | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 −2 | 6 |
| AVANTE | 5 | 5 | 7 +2 | 7 +2 | 4 −1 | 7 +2 |
| PRD | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| SOLIDARIEDADE | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| MISSÃO | 1 | 1 | 2 +1 | 2 +1 | 2 +1 | 2 +1 |
| REDE | 1 | 1 | 2 +1 | 1 | 2 +1 | 2 +1 |
| Seats moved | 0 | 0 | 18 | 13 | 35 | 18 |
| Effective parties | 8,8 | 8,8 | 8,7 | 8,7 | 8,4 | 8,7 |
Federation seats are counted by the elected candidate's own party. Pure D'Hondt gives exactly the “no 80/20” column: with every list allowed into the leftovers and no thresholds, the quotient step changes nothing. Effective number of parties: Laakso–Taagepera, 1 ÷ Σ(seat share²).
Puxadores de voto
One name,
many seats.
Because a list's seats depend on the sum of its candidates' votes, one candidate with a very large personal vote can carry list-mates who polled a few thousand. Enéas Carneiro (Prona, São Paulo, 2002) and the entertainer Tiririca (PR, São Paulo, 2010) each won over a million votes and brought in colleagues with far fewer; that is why Lei 13.165/2015 added the rule that a candidate needs 10% of the quotient in personal votes.
In 2026 the most-voted deputy was Nikolas Ferreira (PL, Minas Gerais), with 3.119.318 votes, 14,5 quotients. Rerunning each state without each candidate who had a full quotient on their own, 25 deputies across the country owe their seat to a list-mate's surplus.
-
Minas Gerais · PL
Nikolas Ferreira 3.119.318 votes · 14,5 × QE
List won 21; without them, 11. Carried 9, e.g. Sargento Mello-casal (25.090), Junio Amaral (33.762), Subtenete Gonzaga (35.958).
-
São Paulo · PL
Lucas Pavanato 3.038.438 votes · 9,0 × QE
List won 19; without them, 14. Carried 4, e.g. Gil Diniz (63.398), Wesley Cezar Lelinho (66.673), Eduardo Cury (66.860).
-
Minas Gerais · FE Brasil
Ana Elisa 524.219 votes · 2,4 × QE
List won 13; without them, 10. Carried 2, e.g. Leonardo Monteiro (78.841), Padre João (86.923), Bella Gonçalves (98.750).
-
São Paulo · PSOL–Rede
Erika Hilton 1.596.472 votes · 4,7 × QE
List won 6; without them, 4. Carried 1, e.g. Sônia Guajajara (54.207), Natália Boulos (114.552), Professora Luciene Cavalcante (253.778).
-
Ceará · PL
André Fernandes 684.372 votes · 2,7 × QE
List won 4; without them, 2. Carried 1, e.g. Carmelo Neto (56.068), Dr Jaziel (64.870), Matheus Noronha (123.990).
-
Santa Catarina · PL
Julia Zanatta 560.223 votes · 2,1 × QE
List won 7; without them, 5. Carried 1, e.g. Daniel Freitas (76.458), Ricardo Guidi (78.698), Zé Trovão (89.830).
-
Espírito Santo · PL
Lucas Polese 419.735 votes · 2,0 × QE
List won 2; without them, 0. Carried 1, e.g. Lucas O Federal da Direita (43.973).
-
Pará · PL
Delegado Caveira 414.927 votes · 1,5 × QE
List won 3; without them, 1. Carried 1, e.g. Rogerio Barra (89.973), Joaquim Passarinho (146.307).
Constitution art. 45 §1 · LC 78/1993
Eight at least,
seventy at most.
The 513 seats are shared among the states by population, but no state gets fewer than 8 or more than 70. So a deputy from Roraima answers to 50.190 electors and one from São Paulo to 487.470: a vote in RR weighs 9,7 times one in SP. Shared purely by population (214.211.951 people, IBGE 2026), São Paulo would elect 111; 18 states hold 53 seats more than that.
The split itself dates from 1993 and has not followed the census. The STF (ADO 38, 2023) ordered it updated; Congress passed a law raising the Chamber to 531 seats, which the President vetoed in July 2025, and the STF then kept the 2022 seats for 2026, moving any change to 2030. Applying the 8 / 70 rule to today's population would move 17 seats (column “8–70 now”).
| State | Seats | 8–70 now | By population | Electors per seat |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roraima | 8 | 8 | 2 | 50.190 |
| Amapá | 8 | 8 | 2 | 72.124 |
| Acre | 8 | 8 | 2 | 76.718 |
| Tocantins | 8 | 8 | 4 | 147.753 |
| Rondônia | 8 | 8 | 4 | 158.237 |
| Sergipe | 8 | 8 | 6 | 217.517 |
| Mato Grosso do Sul | 8 | 8 | 7 | 253.054 |
| Piauí | 10 | 8 | 8 | 270.476 |
| Paraíba | 12 | 10 | 10 | 270.711 |
| Alagoas | 9 | 8 | 8 | 271.347 |
| Rio Grande do Sul | 31 | 28 | 27 | 274.921 |
| Rio de Janeiro | 46 | 42 | 41 | 279.514 |
| Distrito Federal | 8 | 8 | 7 | 282.290 |
| Paraná | 30 | 29 | 29 | 287.122 |
| Maranhão | 18 | 17 | 17 | 287.951 |
| Pernambuco | 25 | 24 | 23 | 288.938 |
| Bahia | 39 | 37 | 36 | 290.071 |
| Goiás | 17 | 18 | 18 | 298.858 |
| Espírito Santo | 10 | 10 | 10 | 299.165 |
| Minas Gerais | 53 | 53 | 51 | 308.913 |
| Ceará | 22 | 23 | 22 | 318.025 |
| Mato Grosso | 8 | 10 | 9 | 329.725 |
| Rio Grande do Norte | 8 | 9 | 8 | 332.478 |
| Amazonas | 8 | 11 | 10 | 349.826 |
| Santa Catarina | 16 | 20 | 20 | 358.416 |
| Pará | 17 | 22 | 21 | 368.376 |
| São Paulo | 70 | 70 | 111 | 487.470 |
Senate · Constitution art. 46
Three senators
for every state.
Each state and the Federal District elects three senators for eight years, whatever its size; terms are staggered, so one seat is renewed in one general election and two in the next. 2026 renewed two-thirds: 54 seats, two per state, each voter casting two votes and the two most-voted winning (plurality). A senator from São Paulo represents 11.374.297 electors, one from Roraima 133.840.
The 14 states with the fewest electors hold 42 of the 81 seats, a majority, with 16,7% of the electorate.
President, governors, big-city mayors · art. 77, 28, 29 II
More than half,
or a runoff.
A candidate is elected in the first round only with an absolute majority of valid votes; blank and null ballots do not count. Otherwise the two most-voted meet four weeks later. In 2026 the presidential leader had 47,03%, so Flavio Bolsonaro and Lula went to the runoff of 25 October; 21 governors were elected outright and 6 races went to a second round.