Skip to content
Results Canada: British Columbia general election (snap) Next: Canada: Six federal by-elections Follow →
Right to vote Canada
How to vote

✶ 343 ridings · 343 circonscriptions

One X,
343 times.

Canadians elect the Chambre des communes in 343 single-member ridings. Each voter marks one candidate; whoever has the most votes wins, majority or not. How many ridings each province gets is set by a formula in the Constitution, and their lines are drawn by ten independent commissions.

First past the post · April 28, 2025

Most votes
wins the seat.

120 of 343 MPs elected in 2025 with less than half the vote in their riding
34.1% lowest winning share: Chicoutimi—Le Fjord (QC)
5.0 Gallagher index of the 2025 result (0 = seats exactly match votes)
172 seats for a majority; the Liberals won 169 on 43.8%
2025: share of the vote and share of the 343 seats
  • Liberal 43.8% votes · 49.3% seats (169)
  • Conservative 41.3% votes · 42.0% seats (144)
  • Bloc 6.3% votes · 6.4% seats (22)
  • NDP 6.3% votes · 2.0% seats (7)
  • Green 1.2% votes · 0.3% seats (1)
  • People's 0.7% votes · 0.0% seats (0)

Thin bar: votes. Thick bar: seats. The Bloc's vote is concentrated in Quebec, so its seat share exceeds its vote share; the NDP's 6.3% is spread thin and returned seven MPs.

By first-past-the-post standards 2025 was close to proportional, because two parties took 85.1% of the vote between them. The House's own electoral reform committee (ERRE) recommended in December 2016 a proportional system with a Gallagher score of 5 or less, to be put to a referendum; the government dropped the idea in February 2017. 2025's score was 5.02; 2021's, on 338 ridings, 13.4.

Constitution Act, 1867, s.51 · Representation Order 2023

Where 343
comes from.

  1. The quotient. The 2012 quotient, 111,166, times the average growth of the ten provinces since 2011 (9.647%), rounded up: 121,891 (rule 6).
  2. Rule 1. Each province's population on July 1, 2021 divided by the quotient, rounded up.
  3. Senatorial clause (s.51A). No province has fewer MPs than senators: New Brunswick (10 senators), Prince Edward Island (4), Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador are lifted.
  4. Grandfather clause (rule 2). No province has fewer seats than in the 43rd Parliament (2019). Until Bill C-14 (S.C. 2022, c. 6) the reference was the 33rd Parliament, elected in 1984.
  5. Representation rule (rules 3–4). A province that was over-represented after the last readjustment gets seats until its share of seats is no lower than its share of population. In 2022 it added none.
  6. Territories. One seat each for Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (s.51(2)).
Final allocation, 27 June 2022 (grandfather clause: the 43rd Parliament)
Province or territory Population, July 1, 2021 Rule 1 Senatorial Grandfather Representation rule Seats
Newfoundland and Labrador 520,553 5 +1 +1 – 7
Prince Edward Island 164,318 2 +2 – – 4
Nova Scotia 992,055 9 +1 +1 – 11
New Brunswick 789,225 7 +3 – – 10
Quebec 8,604,495 71 – +7 – 78
Ontario 14,826,276 122 – – – 122
Manitoba 1,383,765 12 – +2 – 14
Saskatchewan 1,179,844 10 – +4 – 14
Alberta 4,442,879 37 – – – 37
British Columbia 5,214,805 43 – – – 43
Yukon 42,986 n/a – – – 1
Northwest Territories 45,504 n/a – – – 1
Nunavut 39,403 n/a – – – 1
Canada 38,246,108 Electoral quotient 121,891 343

Computed here from the populations alone and checked against Elections Canada's published table. The highlighted row is the one the two calculations disagree on: Quebec, 77 in October 2021, 78 once Bill C-14 moved the grandfather clause's reference from 1984 to the 43rd Parliament.

Seats are only the first step. For each province the Speaker and the province's chief justice appoint a three-member electoral boundaries commission, chaired by a judge, under the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act (Loi sur la révision des limites des circonscriptions électorales). Each riding should be as close as reasonably possible to the province's quota, its population divided by its seats, and stay within 25% of it except in "extraordinary" circumstances (s.15). The 2023 Representation Order (Décret de représentation) was proclaimed on September 22, 2023, and first used on April 28, 2025.

Population per seat · July 1, 2021

Not every seat
weighs the same.

The two floors protect the small and slow-growing provinces. A seat in Prince Edward Island stands for 41,080 people; in Ontario 121,527, in Alberta 120,078.

  • Ontario 121,527
  • British Columbia 121,275
  • Alberta 120,078
  • Quebec 110,314
  • Manitoba 98,840
  • Nova Scotia 90,187
  • Saskatchewan 84,275
  • New Brunswick 78,923
  • Newfoundland and Labrador 74,365
  • Northwest Territories 45,504
  • Yukon 42,986
  • Prince Edward Island 41,080
  • Nunavut 39,403
Population (July 1, 2021 estimates) divided by seats under the 2023 Representation Order. Computed from Elections Canada's allocation table.

Inside the provinces

2,085,443 km² Nunavut, the largest riding
6 km² Toronto Centre, the smallest
20,027 electors in Labrador, the fewest in 2025
113,955 electors in Niagara South, the most (5.7×)
0 20k 40k 60k 80k 100k 120k 140k NL Avalon: 81,781 Cape Spear: 85,038 Central Newfoundland: 74,122 Labrador: 26,655 Long Range Mountains: 81,795 St. John's East: 85,038 Terra Nova—The Peninsulas: 76,121 PE Cardigan: 39,236 Charlottetown: 38,809 Egmont: 37,751 Malpeque: 38,535 NS Acadie—Annapolis: 76,252 Cape Breton—Canso—Antigonish: 75,141 Central Nova: 76,210 Cumberland—Colchester: 82,014 Dartmouth—Cole Harbour: 104,825 Halifax: 98,885 Halifax West: 99,228 Kings—Hants: 95,063 Sackville—Bedford—Preston: 100,416 South Shore—St. Margarets: 79,130 Sydney—Glace Bay: 82,219 NB Acadie—Bathurst: 79,581 Beauséjour: 88,591 Fredericton—Oromocto: 85,389 Fundy Royal: 73,554 Madawaska—Restigouche: 70,597 Miramichi—Grand Lake: 59,725 Moncton—Dieppe: 91,961 Saint John—Kennebecasis: 81,932 Saint John—St. Croix: 80,192 Tobique—Mactaquac: 64,088 QC Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou: 89,087 Abitibi—Témiscamingue: 103,735 Ahuntsic-Cartierville: 111,511 Alfred-Pellan: 113,173 Argenteuil—La Petite-Nation: 108,903 Beauce: 111,034 Beauharnois—Salaberry—Soulanges—Huntingdon: 118,474 Beauport—Limoilou: 113,598 Bécancour—Nicolet—Saurel—Alnôbak: 96,439 Bellechasse—Les Etchemins—Lévis: 111,737 Beloeil—Chambly: 114,551 Berthier—Maskinongé: 108,640 Bourassa: 105,637 Brome—Missisquoi: 113,913 Brossard—Saint-Lambert: 114,286 Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles: 113,308 Châteauguay—Les Jardins-de-Napierville: 114,947 Chicoutimi—Le Fjord: 92,460 Compton—Stanstead: 113,282 Côte-du-Sud—Rivière-du-Loup—Kataskomiq—Témiscouata: 116,216 Côte-Nord—Kawawachikamach—Nitassinan: 88,525 Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle: 114,661 Drummond: 107,967 Gaspésie—Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine—Listuguj: 110,225 Gatineau: 109,624 Hochelaga—Rosemont-Est: 110,039 Honoré-Mercier: 105,434 Hull—Aylmer: 105,559 Joliette—Manawan: 104,882 Jonquière: 91,061 La Pointe-de-l'Île: 110,486 La Prairie—Atateken: 114,968 Lac-Saint-Jean: 92,031 Lac-Saint-Louis: 110,093 LaSalle—Émard—Verdun: 112,298 Laurentides—Labelle: 92,897 Laurier—Sainte-Marie: 115,704 Laval—Les Îles: 111,784 Les Pays-d'en-Haut: 106,834 Lévis—Lotbinière: 112,830 Longueuil—Charles-LeMoyne: 112,257 Longueuil—Saint-Hubert: 115,082 Louis-Hébert: 106,117 Louis-Saint-Laurent—Akiawenhrahk: 113,220 Marc-Aurèle-Fortin: 104,636 Mégantic—L’Érable—Lotbinière: 103,114 Mirabel: 100,598 Mount Royal: 112,706 Mont-Saint-Bruno—L’Acadie: 111,323 Montcalm: 111,954 Montmorency—Charlevoix: 101,119 Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount: 111,377 Outremont: 115,051 Papineau: 110,813 Pierre-Boucher—Les Patriotes—Verchères: 103,020 Pierrefonds—Dollard: 109,497 Pontiac—Kitigan Zibi: 111,138 Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier: 106,611 Québec Centre: 103,977 Repentigny: 111,373 Richmond—Arthabaska: 110,651 Rimouski—La Matapédia: 102,019 Rivière-des-Mille-Îles: 104,960 Rivière-du-Nord: 113,514 Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie: 112,909 Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot—Acton: 105,086 Saint-Jean: 114,617 Saint-Laurent: 108,763 Saint-Léonard—Saint-Michel: 112,922 Saint-Maurice—Champlain: 111,997 Shefford: 115,924 Sherbrooke: 116,844 Terrebonne: 113,797 Thérèse-De Blainville: 112,160 Trois-Rivières: 114,064 Vaudreuil: 120,653 Ville-Marie—Le Sud-Ouest—Île-des-Soeurs: 114,364 Vimy: 108,773 ON Ajax: 126,666 Algonquin—Renfrew—Pembroke: 107,420 Aurora—Oak Ridges—Richmond Hill: 117,750 Barrie South—Innisfil: 120,378 Barrie—Springwater—Oro-Medonte: 115,495 Bay of Quinte: 110,164 Beaches—East York: 109,359 Bowmanville—Oshawa North: 128,534 Brampton Centre: 109,450 Brampton—Chinguacousy Park: 115,568 Brampton East: 119,214 Brampton North—Caledon: 106,762 Brampton South: 113,252 Brampton West: 114,260 Brantford—Brant South—Six Nations: 121,511 Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound: 113,348 Burlington: 125,435 Burlington North—Milton West: 125,575 Cambridge: 119,493 Carleton: 124,416 Chatham-Kent—Leamington: 134,226 Davenport: 125,048 Don Valley North: 111,122 Don Valley West: 120,579 Dufferin—Caledon: 120,812 Eglinton—Lawrence: 115,832 Elgin—St. Thomas—London South: 112,448 Essex: 131,691 Etobicoke Centre: 125,606 Etobicoke—Lakeshore: 120,956 Etobicoke North: 116,886 Flamborough—Glanbrook—Brant North: 103,836 Guelph: 118,498 Haldimand—Norfolk: 116,706 Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes: 119,150 Hamilton Centre: 126,188 Hamilton East—Stoney Creek: 126,570 Hamilton Mountain: 115,634 Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas: 120,551 Hastings—Lennox and Addington—Tyendinaga: 106,468 Humber River—Black Creek: 111,593 Huron—Bruce: 112,929 Kanata: 121,458 Kapuskasing—Timmins—Mushkegowuk: 93,948 Kenora—Kiiwetinoong: 61,962 Kingston and the Islands: 134,415 King—Vaughan: 124,401 Kitchener Centre: 113,404 Kitchener—Conestoga: 112,953 Kitchener South—Hespeler: 119,851 Lanark—Frontenac: 103,120 Leeds—Grenville—Thousand Islands—Rideau Lakes: 104,075 London Centre: 126,597 London—Fanshawe: 126,286 London West: 114,374 Markham—Stouffville: 120,845 Markham—Thornhill: 111,087 Markham—Unionville: 116,972 Middlesex—London: 115,610 Milton East—Halton Hills South: 116,592 Mississauga Centre: 124,084 Mississauga East—Cooksville: 120,196 Mississauga—Erin Mills: 120,241 Mississauga—Lakeshore: 119,936 Mississauga—Malton: 119,741 Mississauga—Streetsville: 113,763 Nepean: 122,229 Newmarket—Aurora: 117,699 New Tecumseth—Gwillimbury: 119,358 Niagara Falls—Niagara-on-the-Lake: 113,503 Niagara South: 132,500 Niagara West: 112,065 Nipissing—Timiskaming: 98,237 Northumberland—Clarke: 106,574 Oakville East: 108,735 Oakville West: 105,024 Orléans: 126,918 Oshawa: 131,067 Ottawa Centre: 126,560 Ottawa South: 126,791 Ottawa—Vanier—Gloucester: 126,999 Ottawa West—Nepean: 128,592 Oxford: 121,781 Parry Sound—Muskoka: 104,504 Perth—Wellington: 113,929 Peterborough: 128,349 Pickering—Brooklin: 122,430 Prescott—Russell—Cumberland: 109,125 Richmond Hill South: 124,748 Sarnia—Lambton—Bkejwanong: 128,154 Sault Ste. Marie—Algoma: 113,772 Scarborough—Agincourt: 123,969 Scarborough Centre—Don Valley East: 111,377 Scarborough—Guildwood—Rouge Park: 114,100 Scarborough North: 116,177 Scarborough Southwest: 123,232 Scarborough—Woburn: 110,589 Simcoe—Grey: 107,836 Simcoe North: 112,022 Spadina—Harbourfront: 105,739 St. Catharines: 119,873 Stormont—Dundas—Glengarry: 114,637 Sudbury: 114,384 Sudbury East—Manitoulin—Nickel Belt: 99,827 Taiaiako'n—Parkdale—High Park: 117,873 Thornhill: 124,866 Thunder Bay—Rainy River: 82,357 Thunder Bay—Superior North: 86,147 Toronto Centre: 121,703 Toronto—Danforth: 105,472 Toronto—St. Paul's: 125,438 University—Rosedale: 123,812 Vaughan—Woodbridge: 121,705 Waterloo: 121,436 Wellington—Halton Hills North: 105,468 Whitby: 115,257 Willowdale: 118,218 Windsor—Tecumseh—Lakeshore: 131,097 Windsor West: 130,162 York Centre: 108,307 York—Durham: 116,560 York South—Weston—Etobicoke: 111,369 MB Brandon—Souris: 93,930 Churchill—Keewatinook Aski: 82,741 Elmwood—Transcona: 99,504 Kildonan—St. Paul: 99,467 Portage—Lisgar: 94,840 Provencher: 100,332 Riding Mountain: 90,962 St. Boniface—St. Vital: 99,975 Selkirk—Interlake—Eastman: 98,620 Winnipeg Centre: 96,951 Winnipeg North: 95,082 Winnipeg South: 99,793 Winnipeg South Centre: 95,882 Winnipeg West: 94,074 SK Battlefords—Lloydminster—Meadow Lake: 83,248 Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek: 84,111 Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River: 37,845 Moose Jaw—Lake Centre—Lanigan: 83,319 Prince Albert: 88,521 Regina—Lewvan: 86,899 Regina—Qu'Appelle: 89,275 Regina—Wascana: 89,063 Saskatoon South: 89,562 Saskatoon—University: 88,714 Saskatoon West: 87,865 Souris—Moose Mountain: 75,208 Swift Current—Grasslands—Kindersley: 75,686 Yorkton—Melville: 73,189 AB Airdrie—Cochrane: 115,230 Battle River—Crowfoot: 110,212 Bow River: 112,763 Calgary Centre: 120,536 Calgary Confederation: 119,508 Calgary Crowfoot: 117,541 Calgary East: 119,550 Calgary Heritage: 119,557 Calgary McKnight: 123,148 Calgary Midnapore: 118,694 Calgary Nose Hill: 117,677 Calgary Shepard: 115,093 Calgary Signal Hill: 120,203 Calgary Skyview: 115,277 Edmonton Centre: 115,160 Edmonton Gateway: 110,184 Edmonton Griesbach: 111,126 Edmonton Manning: 112,180 Edmonton Northwest: 112,964 Edmonton Riverbend: 111,578 Edmonton Southeast: 113,208 Edmonton Strathcona: 111,556 Edmonton West: 112,943 Foothills: 114,930 Fort McMurray—Cold Lake: 110,504 Grande Prairie: 112,902 Lakeland: 105,652 Leduc—Wetaskiwin: 114,237 Lethbridge: 123,847 Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner: 103,819 Parkland: 114,679 Peace River—Westlock: 113,907 Ponoka—Didsbury: 114,521 Red Deer: 115,044 Sherwood Park—Fort Saskatchewan: 126,313 St. Albert—Sturgeon River: 121,306 Yellowhead: 115,086 BC Abbotsford—South Langley: 116,265 Burnaby Central: 120,734 Burnaby North—Seymour: 119,311 Cariboo—Prince George: 117,160 Chilliwack—Hope: 119,082 Cloverdale—Langley City: 117,050 Columbia—Kootenay—Southern Rockies: 117,132 Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam: 114,460 Courtenay—Alberni: 122,668 Cowichan—Malahat—Langford: 124,115 Delta: 117,734 Esquimalt—Saanich—Sooke: 120,170 Fleetwood—Port Kells: 117,423 Kamloops—Shuswap—Central Rockies: 109,218 Kamloops—Thompson—Nicola: 111,707 Kelowna: 105,736 Langley Township—Fraser Heights: 117,251 Mission—Matsqui—Abbotsford: 118,415 Nanaimo—Ladysmith: 122,857 New Westminster—Burnaby—Maillardville: 114,665 North Island—Powell River: 125,925 North Vancouver—Capilano: 116,055 Okanagan Lake West—South Kelowna: 106,794 Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge: 116,916 Port Moody—Coquitlam: 115,367 Prince George—Peace River—Northern Rockies: 116,962 Richmond Centre—Marpole: 116,380 Richmond East—Steveston: 116,141 Saanich—Gulf Islands: 122,147 Similkameen—South Okanagan—West Kootenay: 111,246 Skeena—Bulkley Valley: 89,689 South Surrey—White Rock: 118,278 Surrey Centre: 119,724 Surrey Newton: 119,560 Vancouver Centre: 115,964 Vancouver East: 118,675 Vancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby: 117,482 Vancouver Granville: 116,798 Vancouver Kingsway: 116,499 Vancouver Quadra: 114,779 Vernon—Lake Country—Monashee: 108,606 Victoria: 123,482 West Vancouver—Sunshine Coast—Sea to Sky Country: 114,257 YT Yukon: 40,232 NT Northwest Territories: 41,070 NU Nunavut: 36,858 2021 census population of each riding
Shaded: within 25% of the province's quota (its population divided by its seats); the line is the quota itself. Territories have one riding each. Only 5 ridings fall outside the band, all of them below it: Labrador (NL, -63%) , Kenora—Kiiwetinoong (ON, -47%) , Thunder Bay—Rainy River (ON, -29%) , Thunder Bay—Superior North (ON, -26%) , Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River (SK, -53%) .

Seat lab · 2025 votes

Same votes,
other rules.

Move the national shares to swing every riding by the same amount, then see what the same ballots would elect under proportional representation.

National vote share

PR divisors
Threshold
MMP list seats
Party Votes FPTP National PR Provincial PR MMP

How each column is counted

  • FPTP: each party's change in national share is spread over the ridings it contested and added to its share there (uniform swing); the leader in each riding wins.
  • National PR: one list for all 343 seats, by highest averages.
  • Provincial PR: each province keeps its seats and divides them on its own votes; the threshold applies within the province. The three territories stay winner-take-all.
  • MMP: in each province a share of seats (one third, as the Law Commission of Canada proposed in 2004, or 40%, or half) becomes compensatory list seats, awarded by D'Hondt or Sainte-Laguë counting the local seats already won. Local seats are each party's FPTP wins scaled down to the smaller number of ridings: an estimate, since redrawn ridings would have their own results.
  • "Others" (independents and small parties) are pooled, so they never win list seats.

Why no ranked ballot?

The instant-runoff (alternative) vote needs voters' second and later preferences. A Canadian ballot records a single X, and Elections Canada publishes only first choices, so there is nothing to transfer: any IRV result for 2025 would be a guess built on polls of "second choices", not a count. The lab therefore leaves IRV out.

Electoral reform

Asked, and
declined.

Federally, the Special Committee on Electoral Reform reported on December 1, 2016. On February 1, 2017, the minister's mandate letter said: "Changing the electoral system will not be in your mandate." A 2024 NDP motion for a citizens' assembly (M-86) was defeated 101 to 220. The provinces have voted seven times since 2005:

Vote Result Outcome
British Columbia, 2005 (BC-STV) 57.69% yes; needed 60% (carried 77 of 79 districts) Failed
Prince Edward Island, 2005 (MMP) 36.42% yes Failed
Ontario, 2007 (MMP) 36.82% yes (secondary source) Failed
British Columbia, 2009 (BC-STV) 39.09% yes Failed
Prince Edward Island, 2016 plebiscite MMP won the final round, 52.42%, on 36.5% turnout Not implemented
British Columbia, 2018 FPTP 61.30%, PR 38.70% PR rejected
Prince Edward Island, 2019 (MMP) 48.26% yes; carried 14 of 27 districts, needed 17 Failed