◆ Government · Imiyoborere · as of 4 November 2026
From the Presidency to the umudugudu.
Rwanda is a presidential republic with a two-chamber Parliament and a written Constitution that builds power-sharing
into the state: the President and the Speaker must come from different parties, no party may hold more than half of
Cabinet, and at least 30% of every decision-making body must be women. Below the nation sit four provinces and the
City of Kigali, 30 districts and five tiers of local government, elected upwards from the village.
The Constitution · Itegeko Nshinga
One text, three versions.
2003
Adopted by referendum
Approved on 26 May 2003, the first constitution after the transition: a bicameral Parliament, multiparty politics with power-sharing rules, and at least 30% women in decision-making organs. The presidential term was seven years, renewable once.
Approved on 18 December 2015 (98.3% yes, NEC final result). A five-year presidential term renewable once (Art. 101); a transitional article kept the sitting President's term and allowed one further seven-year term, 2017–2024, before the new limit applied (Art. 172).
Published on 4 August 2023. The presidential and Chamber of Deputies elections are held on the same day (Art. 75(4)); the term and its limit are unchanged. This is the text the articles on this page cite.
The President (after Cabinet approves) or either Chamber by a two-thirds vote may propose a revision. It passes by
three-quarters of the members of each Chamber. A revision touching the President's term of office, pluralist
democracy or the form of government — the republic and national sovereignty — must also be approved by referendum.
Article 175 itself cannot be revised.
Power-sharing
The President and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies cannot come from the same party (Art. 62(2)).
The party with a majority in the Chamber may hold at most 50% of Cabinet posts (Art. 62(3)).
At least 30% of deputies and of senators must be women (Arts. 75(3), 80(7)).
Judges, prosecutors, soldiers, police and intelligence officers may not join a party (Art. 60).
Who holds office · 4 November 2026
President, Prime Minister, Parliament, courts.
President of the RepublicPerezida wa RepubulikaPaul KagameRPF · since 11 August 2024Direct universal suffrage, one round, for five years, renewable once (Constitution Arts. 100–101). In office since 2000; this term began with the oath of 11 August 2024.
Prime MinisterMinisitiri w'IntebeJustin NsengiyumvaPSD · since 23 July 2025Appointed and removed by the President (Art. 116(1)). Sworn in 25 July 2025.
FK President of the SenatePerezida wa SenaFrançois-Xavier Kalindasince 9 January 2023Elected by the senators from among themselves; re-elected unanimously on 26 September 2024.
GK Speaker of the Chamber of DeputiesPerezida w'Umutwe w'AbadepiteGertrude KazarwaPL · since 14 August 2024Elected by the deputies (73 of 80 votes). May not come from the President's party (Art. 62(2)).
DM Chief Justice (President of the Supreme Court)Perezida w'Urukiko rw'IkirengaDomitilla Mukantaganzwasince 12 December 2024Appointed by Presidential Order after consulting Cabinet and the High Council of the Judiciary and after Senate approval, for five years renewable once (Arts. 154(1), 157(1)). Appointed 3 Dec, approved by the Senate 5 Dec, sworn in 12 Dec 2024.
SD Mayor of the City of KigaliMeya w'Umujyi wa KigaliSamuel Dusengiyumvasince 15 December 2023Elected from among the City Council's members (six elected, six appointed by Presidential Order); re-elected 22 August 2024.
Top to root · every body, who chooses it, under which article
Seven tiers, one ladder.
Only two things are elected directly by the whole electorate: the President and 53 of the 80 deputies. Everything
else is chosen by appointment or by colleges of councillors elected tier by tier — the only direct local vote is in the
village. Colours show how each body is chosen.
Explore · top to root
Pick a tier
From the Presidency down to the village. Use the arrow keys on the ladder; the filter dims every body that is not
chosen that way.
Tier 1 of 7 · 1 elected directly, 3 appointed, 3 mixed
Elected directly1 member
President of the Republic
Perezida wa Repubulika · Président de la République
Chosen
Universal direct suffrage, on the same day as the 53 directly elected deputies, 30–60 days before the incumbent's term ends. Candidates must be Rwandan by origin, hold no other nationality, be at least 35, reside in Rwanda and not have been sentenced to six months or more.
Term
Five years, renewable once (Art. 101). Transitional Art. 172 (2015) applied the limit only after the 2017–2024 seven-year term.
Powers
Head of State and of the Executive with Cabinet (Arts. 97–98)
Appoints and removes the Prime Minister; appoints ministers after consulting the PM (Art. 116)
Promulgates laws within 30 days, may ask for a second reading (Art. 106)
May call a referendum (Art. 107); may dissolve the Chamber of Deputies (Art. 133)
AppointedPrime Minister, ministers, ministers of state (33 on 5 Nov 2026)
Cabinet
Guverinoma · Gouvernement
Chosen
PM appointed by the President within 15 days of the President's oath; other members appointed by the President after consulting the PM, within 15 days of the PM (Art. 116). Members come from parties in proportion to their seats in the Chamber; the majority party may hold at most 50% of posts; non-party members allowed (Art. 62(3)).
Term
No fixed term; resigns on a successful motion of no confidence (Arts. 129–130)
Powers
Collective responsibility; deliberates on draft laws, decree-laws and orders (Art. 122)
Implements laws (Art. 121); the Prime Minister countersigns (Art. 120)
53 by direct universal suffrage from closed party lists or independents, proportional representation in one national constituency, 5% threshold, largest remainders (Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 85); 24 women by electoral colleges by administrative entity; 2 by the National Youth Council; 1 by the National Council of Persons with Disabilities (Art. 75(1)). At least 30% women (Art. 75(3)).
Term
Five years, re-eligible (Art. 76)
Powers
Adopts all laws: ordinary by absolute majority, organic by three-fifths of members present (Art. 91)
Motion of no confidence in Cabinet or a minister (Art. 129)
The Speaker may not be from the President's party (Art. 62(2))
12 elected by electoral colleges by administrative entity; 8 appointed by the President (national unity, historically marginalised groups); 4 designated by the National Consultative Forum of Political Organisations; 1 academic from public and 1 from private universities, elected by their staff (Art. 80(1)). Former Heads of State who completed their term or resigned voluntarily may join on request (Art. 80(2)). At least 30% women (Art. 80(7)). Candidates at least 40 (Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 97).
Term
Five years, renewable once (Art. 81)
Powers
Votes on constitutional revision, organic laws, certain treaties, defence and security laws (Art. 85)
Approves the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, heads of the High Court and Commercial High Court, the Prosecutor General, commissioners, the Ombudsman, the Auditor General, ambassadors, provincial governors and heads of public institutions (Art. 86)
Particular responsibility to oversee fundamental principles (Art. 84)
Ordinary courts: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court, Intermediate Courts, Primary Courts. Specialised courts: Commercial Courts and Military Courts (Art. 153). The Supreme Court's President and Vice President, and the heads of the Court of Appeal, High Court and Commercial High Court, are appointed by Presidential Order after consulting Cabinet and the High Council of the Judiciary and after Senate approval (Art. 154(1)). Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judges: appointed by the President, approved by the Senate (Art. 155(1)). Other judges: High Council of the Judiciary (Art. 155(2)).
Term
Court heads five years, renewable once (Art. 157(1))
Powers
Independent of the other branches (Arts. 61(2), 151)
Supreme Court approves Senate candidate lists (Art. 80(3)) and rules on election petitions
Executive committees elected level by level, from the cell (village for women and youth) to national, in the local-election cycle (NEC Instructions n° 001/NEC/26, Art. 53). Their electoral colleges elect the 24 women, 2 youth and 1 disability deputies (Art. 75(1)).
Term
Five years
Powers
Represent and mobilise women, youth and persons with disabilities
Coordinators sit ex officio on village, cell, sector and district councils
Council of 12: six elected (one man and one woman per district) by the sector councils of Kigali's three districts, six appointed by Presidential Order after Cabinet approval. The Mayor and two Vice Mayors are elected from among the councillors (Law N° 22/2019). Since 2019 Gasabo, Kicukiro and Nyarugenge have no mayor or council; each is run by an executive administrator appointed by the Prime Minister.
Term
Five years
Powers
The capital's single local government: planning, budget and services for the three districts (Constitution Art. 7)
8 general councillors elected by an electoral college of cell council bureaus, sector councils, the district committees of the women's, youth and disability councils, and the Private Sector Federation; 5 women councillors (30%) elected by the sector councils and women's council committees; 4 ex officio (the three National Council coordinators and the district PSF president). Candidates stand as individuals, not on party lists.
Term
Five years
Powers
Approves the district budget, plans and by-laws; oversees the executive committee
District Executive Committee (Mayor and two Vice Mayors)
Komite Nyobozi y'Akarere (Meya n'Abamwungirije)
Chosen
Elected by secret ballot from among the elected district councillors, by a college of cell bureaus, sector councils, the district council, the National Council committees and the PSF (Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 129; Instructions Art. 53(1)(c)). Candidates need a bachelor's degree (or secondary diploma and five years in leadership) and must be at least 25.
Term
Five years, renewable once
Powers
Runs the district and signs the imihigo performance contract with the President
Supervised day to day by an appointed district executive secretary (civil service)
Elected indirectlyOne councillor per cell, at least 30% women, plus ex officio members
Sector Council
Inama Njyanama y'Umurenge
Chosen
One councillor elected by each cell council; women councillors (at least 30%) elected by secret ballot (Instructions Art. 53(1)(a)); the youth bureau and the women's and disability coordinators, plus school, NGO, private-sector and health representatives.
Term
Five years
Powers
Advises and oversees the sector; the sector executive secretary is an appointed civil servant
Elected indirectlyOne councillor per village, at least 30% women, plus ex officio members
Cell Council
Inama Njyanama y'Akagari
Chosen
One councillor and women candidates sent by each village; the three National Council coordinators, school and private-sector representatives. Elects its bureau and one councillor to the sector council.
Term
Five years
Powers
Advises the cell executive secretary (appointed civil servant); seat of the first-instance Abunzi Committee
Seven residents known for integrity and conciliation skills at each cell (first instance) and each sector (appeal) (Constitution Art. 142; Law N° 37/2016 Art. 6 as amended by Law N° 020/2020).
Term
Five years, renewable; voluntary and unpaid
Powers
Must try conciliation in civil and some criminal disputes of limited value before they go to court
Elected directly by residents aged 18 and over (24 October 2026), led by the village head (umukuru w'umudugudu). A village advisory council includes youth and women's council members, community health workers and two private-sector representatives.
Term
Five years
Powers
Closest tier to residents: mobilisation, umuganda, security and social programmes
Twenty-seven deputies and twelve senators are elected by colleges built from the local councils and the national
councils of women, youth and persons with disabilities. Follow a seat back to the residents who started the chain.
Who elects whom · derived from the Constitution and Organic Law 002/2026.OL
Trace a seat back to the hills
Pick a seat: everything that feeds it lights up, and the flows are listed below with their articles.
Elected directly
Elected indirectly
Appointed
Longest chain Residents aged 18+ → Village committee → Cell council → Sector council → District council → Mayor and vice-mayors
Residents aged 18+ → Women's CouncilWomen residents elect the village committees of the National Women's Council, which then elect upwards level by level. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Youth CouncilYoung residents elect the village committees of the National Youth Council, which then elect upwards level by level. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Disability CouncilPersons with disabilities elect the Council's committees from the cell level upwards. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Village committeeResidents elect the village executive committee; the law allows a non-secret vote at village, cell and sector level, including lining up behind a candidate. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Arts. 42(4), 116 · source ↗
Village committee → Cell councilEach village sends one councillor (and women candidates) to the cell council. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 117 · source (press) ↗
Women's Council → District councilThe district committee of the Women's Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Youth Council → District councilThe district committee of the Youth Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Disability Council → District councilThe district committee of the Disability Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Cell council → Sector councilEach cell council elects one councillor to the sector council; women councillors (at least 30%) are elected by secret ballot. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53(1)(a) · source (press) ↗
Sector council → District councilSector councils, with the cell council bureaus, elect the district's general councillors and its women councillors (at least 30% of the council), by secret ballot. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125 · source (press) ↗
District council → Mayor and vice-mayorsThe mayor and two vice-mayors are elected by secret ballot from among the district councillors. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Arts. 128–129 · source ↗
Longest chain Residents aged 18+ → Deputies: party lists
Residents aged 18+ → Deputies: party listsClosed lists or independents, one national constituency, 5% threshold, largest remainders. Constitution Art. 75(1)(a); Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 85 · source ↗
Longest chain Residents aged 18+ → Village committee → Cell council → Sector council → District council → Deputies: women
2024 colleges: 129,538 electors in five provincial colleges (NEC).
Residents aged 18+ → Women's CouncilWomen residents elect the village committees of the National Women's Council, which then elect upwards level by level. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Youth CouncilYoung residents elect the village committees of the National Youth Council, which then elect upwards level by level. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Disability CouncilPersons with disabilities elect the Council's committees from the cell level upwards. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → PresidentUniversal direct suffrage, one round, on the same day as the list deputies. Constitution Arts. 75(4), 100–101 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Village committeeResidents elect the village executive committee; the law allows a non-secret vote at village, cell and sector level, including lining up behind a candidate. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Arts. 42(4), 116 · source ↗
Village committee → Cell councilEach village sends one councillor (and women candidates) to the cell council. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 117 · source (press) ↗
Women's Council → District councilThe district committee of the Women's Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Youth Council → District councilThe district committee of the Youth Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Disability Council → District councilThe district committee of the Disability Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
President → Kigali City CouncilSix of the twelve City councillors are appointed by Presidential Order. Law N° 22/2019 governing the City of Kigali · source ↗ · partly unverified
Women's Council → Deputies: womenThe Women's Council executive committees at every level are the core of each province's college for the 24 women's seats. Constitution Art. 75(1)(b); Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 86 · source ↗
Cell council → Sector councilEach cell council elects one councillor to the sector council; women councillors (at least 30%) are elected by secret ballot. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53(1)(a) · source (press) ↗
Sector council → District councilSector councils, with the cell council bureaus, elect the district's general councillors and its women councillors (at least 30% of the council), by secret ballot. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125 · source (press) ↗
Sector council → Kigali City CouncilIn each of Kigali's three districts, which have no council of their own, a college elects members of the City Council by secret ballot; six more are appointed. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 126 · source ↗
Sector council → Deputies: womenSector councils sit in the women's colleges. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 86(2) · source ↗
District council → Deputies: womenThe province's district councils sit in the women's colleges. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 86(2) · source ↗
Kigali City Council → Deputies: womenThe Council of the City of Kigali sits in Kigali's women's college. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 86(2) · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Youth CouncilYoung residents elect the village committees of the National Youth Council, which then elect upwards level by level. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Youth Council → Deputies: youthThe Youth Council's district and national executive committees elect the two youth deputies by secret ballot. Constitution Art. 75(1)(c); Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 87 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Disability CouncilPersons with disabilities elect the Council's committees from the cell level upwards. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Disability Council → Deputy: disabilityThe National Council of Persons with Disabilities elects one deputy by secret ballot. Constitution Art. 75(1)(d); Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 88 · source ↗
Longest chain Residents aged 18+ → Village committee → Cell council → Sector council → District council → Senators: councils
Residents aged 18+ → Women's CouncilWomen residents elect the village committees of the National Women's Council, which then elect upwards level by level. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Youth CouncilYoung residents elect the village committees of the National Youth Council, which then elect upwards level by level. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Disability CouncilPersons with disabilities elect the Council's committees from the cell level upwards. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53 · source ↗
Residents aged 18+ → Village committeeResidents elect the village executive committee; the law allows a non-secret vote at village, cell and sector level, including lining up behind a candidate. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Arts. 42(4), 116 · source ↗
Village committee → Cell councilEach village sends one councillor (and women candidates) to the cell council. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 117 · source (press) ↗
Women's Council → District councilThe district committee of the Women's Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Youth Council → District councilThe district committee of the Youth Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Disability Council → District councilThe district committee of the Disability Council votes in the college; its coordinator sits on the council ex officio. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125(2) · source (press) ↗
Cell council → Sector councilEach cell council elects one councillor to the sector council; women councillors (at least 30%) are elected by secret ballot. Instructions n° 001/NEC/26 Art. 53(1)(a) · source (press) ↗
Sector council → District councilSector councils, with the cell council bureaus, elect the district's general councillors and its women councillors (at least 30% of the council), by secret ballot. Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 125 · source (press) ↗
Sector council → Senators: councilsSector councils are part of each province's Senate college (2024: North 2 seats, South 3, East 3, West 3, Kigali 1). Constitution Art. 80(1)(a); Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 98 · source ↗
District council → Senators: councilsDistrict councils are part of each province's Senate college; senators are elected by secret ballot, top-N per province. Constitution Art. 80(1)(a); Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 98 · source ↗
Longest chain Residents aged 18+ → President → Senators: appointed
Residents aged 18+ → PresidentUniversal direct suffrage, one round, on the same day as the list deputies. Constitution Arts. 75(4), 100–101 · source ↗
President → Senators: appointedAppointed by the President, taking into account national unity and historically marginalised groups. Constitution Art. 80(1)(b) · source ↗
Longest chain Forum of parties → Senators: Forum
Forum of parties → Senators: ForumDesignated by the National Consultative Forum of Political Organisations. Constitution Art. 80(1)(c) · source ↗
Longest chain University staff → Senators: academics
2024: 1,807 and 912 academic staff (NEC).
University staff → Senators: academicsOne senator elected by the academic and research staff of public, one of private, institutions of higher learning. Constitution Art. 80(1)(d); Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 99 · source ↗
The law leaves the exact membership of every college to a Presidential Order made for each round (Organic Law
002/2026.OL Arts. 86(2), 88(2), 98(2), 117, 125(2), 126(2)); colleges here are as the NEC described them for 2024
and 2026. Abunzi mediators are chosen under their own law and are not shown.
Arts. 97–114 · Perezida wa Repubulika
A President elected directly.
Universal direct suffrage, on the same day as the 53 directly elected deputies, 30–60 days before the incumbent's term ends. Candidates must be Rwandan by origin, hold no other nationality, be at least 35, reside in Rwanda and not have been sentenced to six months or more.
Five years, renewable once (Art. 101). Transitional Art. 172 (2015) applied the limit only after the 2017–2024 seven-year term.
Paul Kagame was elected on 15 July 2024 with 99.18% of valid votes (NEC final results) and sworn in on 11 August 2024. Elections calendar →
Powers
Head of State and of the Executive with Cabinet (Arts. 97–98)
Appoints and removes the Prime Minister; appoints ministers after consulting the PM (Art. 116)
Promulgates laws within 30 days, may ask for a second reading (Art. 106)
May call a referendum (Art. 107); may dissolve the Chamber of Deputies (Art. 133)
Convenes and chairs the National Umushyikirano Council (Art. 141)
Cabinet · Guverinoma · 33 members on 5 November 2026
The Prime Minister and Cabinet.
PM appointed by the President within 15 days of the President's oath; other members appointed by the President after consulting the PM, within 15 days of the PM (Art. 116). Members come from parties in proportion to their seats in the Chamber; the majority party may hold at most 50% of posts; non-party members allowed (Art. 62(3)).
Justin NsengiyumvaPrime Ministersince 23 July 2025
IM
Ines MpambaraMinister in the Prime Minister's Office in charge of Cabinet Affairssince 24 July 2025
YM
Yusuf MurangwaFinance and Economic Planningsince 24 July 2025
Olivier NduhungireheForeign Affairs and International Cooperation
EU
Emmanuel UgirashebujaJustice and Attorney General
JM
Juvénal MarizamundaDefence
CU
Consolée UwimanaGender and Family Promotion
Vincent BirutaInterior
DH
Dominique HabimanaLocal Governmentsince 24 July 2025
DM
Damien MurwanashyakaInfrastructuresince 10 June 2026
Paula IngabireICT and Innovation
JN
Joseph NsengimanaEducation
JB
Jean-Damascène BizimanaNational Unity and Civic Engagement
TN
Telesphore NdabamenyeAgriculture and Animal Resourcessince December 2025
SN
Sabin NsanzimanaHealth
JU
Julienne UwacuPublic Service and Laboursince 27 October 2026
AK
Antoine-Marie KajangweTrade and Industrysince 10 June 2026
Bernadette ArakwiyeEnvironmentsince 24 July 2025
MM
Maj Gen Albert MurasiraEmergency Management
NM
Nelly MukazayireSports
JU
Jean Nepo Abdallah UtumatwishimaYouth and Arts
Ministers of State
GK
Godfrey KaberaFinance — the Treasury
LM
Linda Rusagara MutesiFinance — Resource Mobilisation and Public Investment
Source: Government of Rwanda — Cabinet ↗. Party affiliations of
ministers are not published there, so the 50% rule (Art. 62(3)) cannot be checked from this list.
Adopts all laws: ordinary by absolute majority, organic by three-fifths of members present (Art. 91)
Motion of no confidence in Cabinet or a minister (Art. 129)
The Speaker may not be from the President's party (Art. 62(2))
Senate · 26
Sena
12 councils elected indirectly
8 appointed appointed
4 Forum appointed
2 academics elected indirectly
Five years, renewable once (Art. 81)
Votes on constitutional revision, organic laws, certain treaties, defence and security laws (Art. 85)
Approves the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, heads of the High Court and Commercial High Court, the Prosecutor General, commissioners, the Ombudsman, the Auditor General, ambassadors, provincial governors and heads of public institutions (Art. 86)
Particular responsibility to oversee fundamental principles (Art. 84)
Who sits today, by party and route: Parliament → · how the 53 list seats are counted: Seats →
How a bill becomes law
How a bill becomes law
From the Speaker's desk to the Gazette
Six steps; the Senate sees only some laws.
Step 1 of 6 · Constitution Arts. 88–89
Initiative
Any deputy, or the Government through Cabinet, may propose a law; the Senate initiates the organic law on its own functioning. The text goes to the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies. A bill that cuts revenue or raises spending must say how it will be paid for.
Step 2 of 6 · Constitution Art. 90
Relevance vote
The plenary first votes on whether the bill is relevant, then sends it to the competent committee (or adopts it directly in plenary).
Step 3 of 6 · Constitution Arts. 91, 175
Committee and plenary adoption
Ordinary laws pass by an absolute majority of members present; organic laws by three-fifths. Constitutional revision needs three-quarters of each Chamber.
Step 4 of 6 · Constitution Arts. 85, 87, 94
Senate, for some laws
The Speaker sends the Senate bills on constitutional revision, organic laws, certain treaties, and defence and national security. Disagreements go to a joint committee of both Chambers.
Step 5 of 6 · Constitution Art. 106
Promulgation
The President promulgates within 30 days or asks for a second reading; Parliament can then insist by two-thirds (ordinary) or three-quarters (organic).
Step 6 of 6 · Constitution Arts. 96, 174
Official Gazette
No law enters into force before it is published in the Official Gazette. Where the published language versions conflict, the language in which the law was adopted prevails; the Supreme Court gives authentic interpretations.
Art. 91Ordinary lawAbsolute majority of deputies present
Arts. 85, 91Organic lawThree-fifths of deputies present; the Senate votes too
Art. 106Overriding a second readingTwo-thirds (ordinary) or three-quarters (organic)
Art. 175The ConstitutionThree-quarters of the members of each Chamber; a referendum for the presidential term or the form of government
Courts, commissions and councils · Arts. 139–167
Judges, auditors, watchdogs.
Ordinary courts: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court, Intermediate Courts, Primary Courts. Specialised courts: Commercial Courts and Military Courts (Art. 153). The Supreme Court's President and Vice President, and the heads of the Court of Appeal, High Court and Commercial High Court, are appointed by Presidential Order after consulting Cabinet and the High Council of the Judiciary and after Senate approval (Art. 154(1)). Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judges: appointed by the President, approved by the Senate (Art. 155(1)). Other judges: High Council of the Judiciary (Art. 155(2)).
Arts. 149–158 · Appointed
Judiciary
Ubucamanza
DM Domitilla MukantaganzwaChief Justice (President of the Supreme Court) · since 12 December 2024
Ordinary courts: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, High Court, Intermediate Courts, Primary Courts. Specialised courts: Commercial Courts and Military Courts (Art. 153). The Supreme Court's President and Vice President, and the heads of the Court of Appeal, High Court and Commercial High Court, are appointed by Presidential Order after consulting Cabinet and the High Council of the Judiciary and after Senate approval (Art. 154(1)). Supreme Court and Court of Appeal judges: appointed by the President, approved by the Senate (Art. 155(1)). Other judges: High Council of the Judiciary (Art. 155(2)).
Independent of the other branches (Arts. 61(2), 151)
Supreme Court approves Senate candidate lists (Art. 80(3)) and rules on election petitions
Arts. 143–148 · Appointed
National Public Prosecution Authority
Ubushinjacyaha Bukuru
AH Angélique HabyarimanaProsecutor General · since 12 June 2024 · unconfirmed
Prosecutor General and Deputy appointed by Presidential Order after Senate approval (Arts. 86(1)(a), 144).
Prosecutes offences nationwide (Art. 143)
Constitution Art. 140(1)(a)(ii); Organic Law 002/2026.OL · Appointed
National Electoral Commission
Komisiyo y'Igihugu y'Amatora
Oda GasinzigwaChairperson, National Electoral Commission · since February 2023
Commissioners appointed by Cabinet and approved by the Senate (Art. 86(1)(b)).
Organises local, legislative, presidential and referendum elections
Keeps the continuous voter register, revised at least yearly (Organic Law 002/2026.OL Art. 10)
Proclaims provisional results within 5 days of the close of the poll and final results within 7 days after that (Art. 68)
Art. 140(1)(b)(i) · Appointed
Office of the Ombudsman
Urwego rw'Umuvunyi
MN Madeleine NirereChief Ombudsman · since November 2020 · unconfirmed
Chief Ombudsman and deputies approved by the Senate (Art. 86(1)(b)).
Fights injustice and corruption; receives officials' asset declarations
Receives and verifies each party's annual accounts and reports to RGB and the Senate (Organic Law 10/2013/OL Art. 27)
Arts. 140(1)(b)(ii), 166–167 · Appointed
Office of the Auditor General of State Finances
Ibiro by'Umugenzuzi Mukuru w'Imari ya Leta
CM Claudette MukashyakaAuditor General of State Finances · since 26 October 2026
Auditor General and Deputy approved by the Senate (Art. 86(1)(b)).
Independent audit of State finances and assets (Art. 166)
Annual report to both Chambers before the budget session (Art. 167)
Executive committees elected level by level, from the cell (village for women and youth) to national, in the local-election cycle (NEC Instructions n° 001/NEC/26, Art. 53). Their electoral colleges elect the 24 women, 2 youth and 1 disability deputies (Art. 75(1)).
Represent and mobilise women, youth and persons with disabilities
Coordinators sit ex officio on village, cell, sector and district councils
Art. 141 · Appointed
National Umushyikirano Council
Inama y'Igihugu y'Umushyikirano
Convened and chaired by the President, who decides who takes part (Art. 141(3)).
Debates the state of the Nation and national unity; resolutions go to the institutions concerned (Art. 141)
5Provinces and the City of KigaliIntara n'Umujyi wa Kigali
30DistrictsUturere
416SectorsImirenge
2,148CellsUtugari
14,837VillagesImidugudu
Provinces are run by governors appointed by the President with Senate approval; districts by elected councils and
mayors; sectors and cells by appointed executive secretaries advised by councils; villages by committees residents
elect directly. Counts: NISR, sectors ↗, CLGF, cells and villages (secondary) ↗.
The 2026 local elections, tier by tier
24 October 2026 · heldVillage committees and councils (imidugudu)Residents aged 18+ elect the village executive committee and representatives to the cell council.
31 October 2026 · heldCell councils (utugari)
7 November 2026Sector councils (imirenge)Sector councils and the sector committees of the women's, youth and disability councils.
7 November 2026 – 21 November 2026District council campaignInstructions n° 001/NEC/26, Art. 35(3): from 07/11/2026 to polling day.
17 November 2026District councils: women councillors (30% seats)
21 November 2026District councils: general councillors
24 November 2026Mayors, vice-mayors and council bureaus electedDistrict executive committees (mayor and two vice-mayors) and council bureaus.
30 November 2026National Councils: executive committeesNational Women Council, National Youth Council, National Council of Persons with Disabilities; fully composed by 15 December 2026.
Under way since 24 October 2026; councils are fully composed by 15 December 2026 (MINALOC). Calendar → · Districts →
Home-grown practices
Contracts, work, mediation.
Imihigo
Performance contracts
Each year district mayors sign performance targets with the President; districts are ranked on delivery. Revived in 2006 from a pre-colonial practice of public vows.
On the last Saturday morning of each month residents aged 18–65 take part in community work, followed by a village meeting. Organic Law N° 53/2007 governs it.
Community courts with elected judges tried genocide cases from 2002 (nationwide from 2005) until they closed in 2012; the UN counts more than 1.2 million cases.